Effect of Music Practice on Anxiety and Depression of Iranian Dental Students
Abstract
Objectives: The practice of dentistry has long been associated with high levels of occupational stress and anxiety and music has been shown as a method of reducing stress. Considering the reportedly high level of stress among dental students and its consequences and also considering the positive effect of music therapy, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between music practice and level of stress in dental students. Â
Materials and Methods: In this analytical, cross-sectional study, 88 students, including 44 with a history of music practice and 44 matched controls without music practice who met the defined inclusion criteria, participated. Upon obtaining written informed consent, all volunteers filled the Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and multiple linear regression test with backward method was used to evaluate the effect of demographic factors on anxiety and depression scores.
Results: The level of anxiety was higher in students who did not have music practice and this difference was significant (P<0.001). The same was observed for depression (P=0.027). Other factors including age, gender, and being far from family had no significant effect on depression and anxiety (P>0.05). But level of anxiety and depression was higher in students of universities with tuition fee compared to free public institutes (P<0.05).
Conclusions: It may be concluded that music practice can reduce anxiety and depression of dental students.
- Westerman GH, Grandy TG, Ocanto RA, Erskine CG. Perceived sources of stress in the dental school environment. J Dent Educ. 1993 Mar;57(3):225-31.
- Pervin LA, John OP. Personality; Theory and research; 7th edition. 1997: New York; John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
- Grandy TG, Westerman GH, Lupo JV, Combs CG. Stress symptoms among third-year dental students. J Dent Educ. 1988 May;52(5):245-9.
- Newbury-Birch D, Lowry RJ, Kamali F. The changing patterns of drinking, illicit drug use, stress, anxiety and depression in dental students in a UK dental school: a longitudinal study. Br Dent J. 2002 Jun 15;192(11):646-9.
- Freeman RE. Dental students as operators: emotional reactions. Med Educ. 1985 Jan;19(1):27-33.
- Piazza-Waggoner CA, Cohen LL, Kohli K, Taylor BK. Stress management for dental students performing their first pediatric restorative procedure. J Dent Educ. 2003 May;67(5):542-8.
- Sanders AE, Lushington K. Sources of stress for Australian dental students. J Dent Educ. 1999 Sep;63(9):688-97.
- Musser LA, Lloyd C. The relationship of marital status and living arrangement to stress among dental students. J Dent Educ. 1985 Aug;49(8):573-8.
- Hermanson PC. Dentistry: a hazardous profession. Dent Stud. 1972 Mar;50(6):60-1.
- Cooper CL, Watts J, Kelly M. Job satisfaction, mental health and job stressors among general dental practitioners in the UK. Br Dent J. 1987 Jan 24;162(2): 77-81.
- Goldstein MB. Sources of stress and interpersonal support among first-year dental students. J Dent Educ. 1979 Nov;43(12):625-9.
- Goldstein MB. Interpersonal support and coping among first-year dental students. J Dent Educ. 1980 Apr;44(4):202-5.
- Schwartz RM, Eigebrode CR, Cantor O. A comprehensive stress-reduction program for dental students. J Dent Educ. 1984 Apr;48(4):203-7.
- Tisdelle DA, Hansen DJ, St. Lawrence JS, Brown JC. Stress management training for dental students. J Dent Educ. 1984 Apr;48(4):196-202.
- Howard CE, Graham LE, Wycoff SJ. A comparison of methods of reducing stress among dental students. J Dent Educ. 1986 Sep;50(9):542-4.
- Malathi A, Damodaran A. Stress due to exams in medical students--role of yoga. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;43(2):218-24.
- Savarimuthu D, Bunnell T. Links The effects of music on clients with learning disabilities: a literature review. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2002 Aug;8(3):160-5.
- Iwananga M, Moroki Y. Subjective and physiological responses to music stimuli controlled over activity and preference. J Music Ther. 1999;36(1):26-38.
- Tyrer P. Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983 Oct;46(10):970.
- Salamon E, Kim M, Beaulieu J, Stefano GB. Sound therapy induced relaxation: down regulating stress processes and pathologies. Med Sci Monit. 2003 May;9(5):RA96-0.
- Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988 Dec;56(6):893-7.
- Ahmad MS, Yusoff MM, Abdul Razak I. Stress and its relief among undergraduate dental students in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011 Jul;42(4):996-1004.
- Polychronopoulou A, Divaris K. Dental students’ perceived sources of stress: a multi-country study. J Dent Educ .2009 May;73(5):631-9.
- Steer RA, Beck AT. Beck Anxiety Inventory. In Zalaquett CP and Wood RJ (Eds.). Evaluating stress: A book of resources. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Education, 1997:23-40.
- Beck AT and Steer RA. Beck Depression Inventory: Manual. The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace Jovanich Inc., San Diego. 1986.
- Kaviani H, Mousavi AS. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). TUMS Publications. 2008 May 15;66(2):136-40.
- Dadfar M, Kalibatseva Z. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Short Beck Depression Inventory with Iranian psychiatric outpatients. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:8196463.
- Muirhead V, Locker D. Canadian dental student's perception of stress and social support. Eur J Dent Educ. 2008 Aug;12(3):144-8.
- Morse Z, Dravo U. Stress level of dental students at the Fiji School of Medicine. Eur J Dent Educ. 2007 May;11(2):99-103.
- Shankarapillai R, Nair MA, George R. The effect of yoga in stress reduction for dental students performing their first periodontal surgery: A randomized controlled study. Int J Yoga. 2012 Jan;5(1):48-51.
- Malchiodi C. Art therapy and healthcare. New York, Guilford Publications, 2012:388.
- Kesselman A, Bergen M, Stefanov D, Goldfisher R, Amodio J. Impact of music in reducing patient anxiety during pediatric ultrasound. Pediatr Rep. 2016 Mar;8(1): 6349.
- Alzahem AM, Van der Molen HT, Alaujan AH, De Boer BJ. Stress management in dental students: a systemic review. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2014 May 28;5:167-76.
- Devlin B. The art of healing and knowing in cancer and palliative care. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2006 Jan;12(1):16-9.
- Stuckey HL, Nobel J. The connection between art, healing, and public health: A review of current literature. Am J Public Health. 2010 Feb;100(2):254-63.
Files | ||
Issue | Vol 14, No 3 (2017) | |
Section | Original Article | |
Keywords | ||
Anxiety Depression Music Therapy Students Dental Education |
Rights and permissions | |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |