Effect of Delayed Light-Curing Through a Zirconia Disc on Microhardness and Fracture Toughness of Two Types of Dual-Cure Cement
,
Abstract
Objectives: Photopolymerization immediately sets dual-cure cements and prevents the continuation of chemical polymerization. Delayed light-curing allows the chemical process to continue up to the point before starting irradiation; however, there is a controversy in this respect. The present study evaluates the effect of delayed light-curing through a zirconia disc on the microhardness and fracture toughness (KIC) of two types of dual-cure cement.
Materials and Methods: Samples measuring 25×5×3 mm3 were prepared for fracture toughness test, and discs measuring 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were prepared for microhardness test using Bifix and BisCem cements. Light-curing protocols were as follows: immediate light-curing (group A), a 2-minute delay (group B), a 5-minute delay (group C), direct irradiation (group D), and no irradiation (group E). In groups A to C, light-curing was carried out through a zirconia disc. Data were analyzed by two-way and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Tukey's test, and Kruskal-Wallis test at 95% confidence interval.
Results: There was a significant difference in the microhardness of the cements (P=0.00). Delayed light-curing had no effect on microhardness (P=0.080). The microhardness of BisCem in group E was significantly lower than that in group D (P=0.015). The fracture toughness of Bifix in groups B and C was significantly different than that in group E and BisCem groups.
Conclusions: Under the limitations of our study, delayed light-curing had different effects on microhardness and fracture toughness. Differences in light-curing protocols resulted in different effects based on the cement type. Light-curing is recommended to achieve optimal mechanical properties.
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2- Tauböck TT, Buchalla W, Hiltebrand U, Roos M, Krejci I, Attin T. Influence of the interaction of light- and selfpolymerization on subsurface hardening of a dual-cured core build-up resin composite. Acta Odontol Scand. 2011 Jan;69(1):41-7.
3- Myers ML, Caughman WF, Rueggeberg FA. Effect of restoration composition, shade, and thickness on the cure of a photoactivated resin cement. J Prosthodont. 1994 Sep;3(3):149-57.
4- Yoshida Y, Nagakane K, Fukuda R, Nakayama Y, Okazaki M, Shintani H, et al. Comparative study on adhesive performance of functional monomers. J Dent Res. 2004 Jun;83(6):454-8.
5- Belli R, Pelka M, Petschelt A, Lohbauer U. In vitro wear gap formation of self-adhesive resin cements: a CLSM evaluation. J Dent. 2009 Dec;37(12):984-93.
6- Van Landuyt KL, Yoshida Y, Hirata I, Snauwaert J, De Munck J, Okazaki M, et al. Influence of the chemical structure of functional monomers on their adhesive performance. J Dent Res. 2008 Aug;87(8): 757-61.
7- Gerth HU, Dammaschke T, Züchner H, Schäfer E. Chemical analysis and bonding reaction of RelyX Unicem and Bifix composites--a comparative study. Dent Mater. 2006 Oct;22(10):934-41.
8- Inoue S, Koshiro K, Yoshida Y, De Munck J, Nagakane K, Suzuki K, et al. Hydrolytic stability of self-etch adhesives bonded to dentin. J Dent Res. 2005 Dec;84(12):1160-4.
9- Faria-e-Silva A, Boaro L, Braga R, Piva E, Arias V, Martins L. Effect of immediate or delayed light activation on curing kinetics and shrinkage stress of dual-cure resin cements. Oper Dent. 2011 Mar-Apr;36(2):196-204.
10- Al-Assaf K, Chakmakchi M, Palaghias G, Karanika-Kouma A, Eliades G. Interfacial characteristics of adhesive luting resins and composites with dentine. Dent Mater. 2007 Jul;23(7):829-39.
11- Monticelli F, Osorio R, Mazzitelli C, Ferrari M, Toledano M. Limited decalcification/diffusion of self-adhesive cements into dentin. J Dent Res. 2008 Oct;87(10):974-9.
12- Kumbuloglu O, Lassila LV, User A, Vallittu PK. A study of the physical and chemical properties of four resin composite luting cements. Int J Prosthodont. 2004 May-Jun;17(3):357-63.
13- Piwowarczyk A, Lauer HC. Mechanical properties of luting cements after water storage. Oper Dent. 2003 Sep-Oct;28(5):535-42.
14- Behr M, Rosentritt M, Loher H, Kolbeck C, Trempler C, Stemplinger B, et al. Changes of cement properties caused by mixing errors: the therapeutic range of different cement types. Dent Mater. 2008 Sep;24(9):1187-93.
15- Black MA, Bayne SC, Peterson CA, Smith LR, Thompson JY. Effect of power toothbrushing on simulated wear of dental cement margins. J Dent Hyg. 2007 Oct;81(4):1-12.
16- Han L, Okamoto A, Fukushima M, Okiji T. Evaluation of physical properties and surface degradation of self-adhesive resin cements. Dent Mater J. 2007 Nov;26(6):906-14.
17- Ferracane JL, Stansbury JW, Burke FJ. Self-adhesive resin cements - chemistry, properties and clinical considerations. J Oral Rehabil. 2011 Apr;38(4):295-314.
18- Dental filling material comprising vinyl silane treated fused silica and a binder consisting of the reaction product of bis phenol and glycidyl acrylate. United States Patent 3066112. Inventor: Bowen, Rafael L. Application Number: US79030859A. Publication Date: 11/27/1962. Available at: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3066112.html /Accessed January 26, 2018.
19- Walter R, Miguez PA, Pereira PN. Microtensile bond strength of luting materials to coronal and root dentin. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2005;17(3):165-71.
20- Wang H, Pallav P, Isgro G, Feilzer AJ. Fracture toughness comparison of three test methods with four dental porcelains. Dent Mater. 2007 Jul;23(7):905-910.
21- International Organization for Standardization. Available at: https://www.iso.org/home.html /Accessed January 23, 2018.
22- Ramos MB, Pegoraro TA, Pegoraro LF, Carvalho RM. Effects of curing protocol and storage time on the micro-hardness of resin cements used to lute fiber-reinforced resin posts. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012 Sep-Oct;20(5):556-62.
23- Cekic-Nagas I, Egilmez F, Ergun G, Kaya BM. Light transmittance of zirconia as a function of thickness and microhardness of resin cements under different thicknesses of zirconia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013 Mar 1;18(2):e212-8.
24- Komori PC, de Paula AB, Martin AA, Tango RN, Sinhoreti MA, Correr-Sobrinho L. Effect of light energy density on conversion degree and hardness of dual-cured resin cement. Oper Dent. 2010 Jan-Feb;35(1):120-4.
25- Fróes-Salgado NR, Silva LM, Kawano Y, Francci C, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Composite pre-heating: effects on marginal adaptation, degree of conversion and mechanical properties. Dent Mater. 2010 Sep;26(9):908-14.
26- Yap AU, Soh MS, Han TT, Siow KS. Influence of curing lights and modes on cross-link density of dental composites. Oper Dent. 2004 Jul-Aug;29(4): 410-5.
27- Pereira SG, Fulgencio R, Nunes TG, Toledano M, Osorio R, Carvalho RM. Effect of curing protocol on the polymerization of dual-cured resin cements. Dent Mater. 2010 Jul;26(7):710-8.
28- Mainardi Mdo C, Giorgi MC, Lima DA, Marchi GM, Ambrosano GM, Paulillo LA, et al. Effect of energy density and delay time on the degree of conversion and Knoop microhardness of a dual resin cement. J Investig Clin Dent. 2015 Feb;6(1):53-8.
29- Flury S, Lussi A, Hickel R, Ilie N. Light curing through glass ceramics: effect of curing mode on micromechanical properties of dual-curing resin cements. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Apr;18(3):809-18.
30- Goncalves F, Kawano Y, Pfeifer C, Stansbury JW, Braga RR. Influence of BisGMA, TEGDMA, and BisEMA contents on viscosity, conversion, and flexural strength of experimental resins and composites. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009 Aug;117(4):442-6.
31- Moraes RR, Faria-e-Silva AL, Ogliari FA, Correr-Sobrinho L, Demarco FF, Piva E. Impact of immediate and delayed light activation on self-polymerization of dual-cured dental resin luting agents. Acta Biomater. 2009 Jul;5(6):2095-100.
32- BISCO Dental. BisCem®. Available at: http://www.bisco.com/biscem- /Accessed January 26, 2018.
33- VOCO. The Dentalists. Bifix SE®. Available at: http://www.voco.com/us/product/bifix_se/index.html /Accessed January 25, 2018.
34- Azar MR, Bagheri R, Burrow MF. Effect of storage media and time on the fracture toughness of resin-based luting cements. Aust Dent J. 2012 Sep;57(3):349-54.
35- Faria-e-Silva AL, Moraes RR, Ogliari FA, Piva E, Martins LR. Panavia F: the role of the primer. J Oral Sci. 2009 Jun;51(2):255-9.
36- Knobloch LA, Kerby RE, Seghi R, Berlin JS, Clelland N. Fracture toughness of packable and conventional composite materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2002 Sep;88(3):307-13.
37- Kim KH, Ong JL, Okuno O. The effect of filler loading and morphology on the mechanical properties of contemporary composites. J Prosthet Dent. 2002 Jun;87(6):642-9.
38- Shiomuki D, Minami H, Tanaka T, Suzuki S. Influence of light irradiation on Vickers hardness of dual-cure cement polymerized under restorations. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(3):449-55.
39- Jandt KD, Mills RW, Blackwell GB, Ashworth SH. Depth of cure and compressive strength of dental composites cured with blue light emitting diodes (LEDs). Dent Mater. 2000 Jan;16(1):41-7.
40- Kilinc E, Antonson SA, Hardigan PC, Kesercioglu A. The effect of ceramic restoration shade and thickness on the polymerization of light- and dual-cure resin cements. Oper Dent. 2011 Nov-Dec;36(6):661-9.
41- Turp V, Sen D, Poyrazoglu E, Tuncelli B, Goller G. Influence of zirconia base and shade difference on polymerization efficiency of dual-cure resin cement. J Prosthodont. 2011 Jul;20(5):361-5.
42- Lee IB, An W, Chang J, Um CM. Influence of ceramic thickness and curing mode on the polymerization shrinkage kinetics of dual-cured resin cements. Dent Mater. 2008 Aug;24(8):1141-7.
43- Puppin-Rontani RM, Dinelli RG, de Paula AB, Fucio SB, Ambrosano GM, Pascon FM. In-depth polymerization of a self-adhesive dual-cured resin cement. Oper Dent. 2012 Mar-Apr;37(2):188-94.
44- Dewaele M, Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A, Munksgaard EC, Benetti AR, Finne G, et al. Influence of curing protocol on selected properties of light-curing polymers: degree of conversion, volume contraction, elastic modulus, and glass transition temperature. Dent Mater. 2009 Dec;25(12):1576-84.
45- St-Georges AJ, Swift EJ, Thompson JY, Heymann HO. Irradiance effects on the mechanical properties of universal hybrid and flowable hybrid resin composites. Dent Mater. 2003 Jul;19(5):406-13.
46- Rueggeberg F. Contemporary issues in photocuring. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl. 1999;(25):S4-15.
47- Oztürk E, Hickel R, Bolay S, Ilie N. Micromechanical properties of veneer luting resins after curing through ceramics. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb;16(1):139-46.
48- Barghi N, McAlister EH. LED and halogen lights: effect of ceramic thickness and shade on curing luting resin. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2003 Jul;24(7):497-500, 502, 504.
49- Soares CJ, da Silva NR, Fonseca RB. Influence of the feldspathic ceramic thickness and shade on the microhardness of dual resin cement. Oper Dent. 2006 May-Jun;31(3):384-9.
50- Runnacles P, Correr GM, Baratto Filho F, Gonzaga CC, Furuse AY. Degree of conversion of a resin cement light-cured through ceramic veneers of different thicknesses and types. Braz Dent J. 2014 Jan-Feb;25(1):38-42.
2- Tauböck TT, Buchalla W, Hiltebrand U, Roos M, Krejci I, Attin T. Influence of the interaction of light- and selfpolymerization on subsurface hardening of a dual-cured core build-up resin composite. Acta Odontol Scand. 2011 Jan;69(1):41-7.
3- Myers ML, Caughman WF, Rueggeberg FA. Effect of restoration composition, shade, and thickness on the cure of a photoactivated resin cement. J Prosthodont. 1994 Sep;3(3):149-57.
4- Yoshida Y, Nagakane K, Fukuda R, Nakayama Y, Okazaki M, Shintani H, et al. Comparative study on adhesive performance of functional monomers. J Dent Res. 2004 Jun;83(6):454-8.
5- Belli R, Pelka M, Petschelt A, Lohbauer U. In vitro wear gap formation of self-adhesive resin cements: a CLSM evaluation. J Dent. 2009 Dec;37(12):984-93.
6- Van Landuyt KL, Yoshida Y, Hirata I, Snauwaert J, De Munck J, Okazaki M, et al. Influence of the chemical structure of functional monomers on their adhesive performance. J Dent Res. 2008 Aug;87(8): 757-61.
7- Gerth HU, Dammaschke T, Züchner H, Schäfer E. Chemical analysis and bonding reaction of RelyX Unicem and Bifix composites--a comparative study. Dent Mater. 2006 Oct;22(10):934-41.
8- Inoue S, Koshiro K, Yoshida Y, De Munck J, Nagakane K, Suzuki K, et al. Hydrolytic stability of self-etch adhesives bonded to dentin. J Dent Res. 2005 Dec;84(12):1160-4.
9- Faria-e-Silva A, Boaro L, Braga R, Piva E, Arias V, Martins L. Effect of immediate or delayed light activation on curing kinetics and shrinkage stress of dual-cure resin cements. Oper Dent. 2011 Mar-Apr;36(2):196-204.
10- Al-Assaf K, Chakmakchi M, Palaghias G, Karanika-Kouma A, Eliades G. Interfacial characteristics of adhesive luting resins and composites with dentine. Dent Mater. 2007 Jul;23(7):829-39.
11- Monticelli F, Osorio R, Mazzitelli C, Ferrari M, Toledano M. Limited decalcification/diffusion of self-adhesive cements into dentin. J Dent Res. 2008 Oct;87(10):974-9.
12- Kumbuloglu O, Lassila LV, User A, Vallittu PK. A study of the physical and chemical properties of four resin composite luting cements. Int J Prosthodont. 2004 May-Jun;17(3):357-63.
13- Piwowarczyk A, Lauer HC. Mechanical properties of luting cements after water storage. Oper Dent. 2003 Sep-Oct;28(5):535-42.
14- Behr M, Rosentritt M, Loher H, Kolbeck C, Trempler C, Stemplinger B, et al. Changes of cement properties caused by mixing errors: the therapeutic range of different cement types. Dent Mater. 2008 Sep;24(9):1187-93.
15- Black MA, Bayne SC, Peterson CA, Smith LR, Thompson JY. Effect of power toothbrushing on simulated wear of dental cement margins. J Dent Hyg. 2007 Oct;81(4):1-12.
16- Han L, Okamoto A, Fukushima M, Okiji T. Evaluation of physical properties and surface degradation of self-adhesive resin cements. Dent Mater J. 2007 Nov;26(6):906-14.
17- Ferracane JL, Stansbury JW, Burke FJ. Self-adhesive resin cements - chemistry, properties and clinical considerations. J Oral Rehabil. 2011 Apr;38(4):295-314.
18- Dental filling material comprising vinyl silane treated fused silica and a binder consisting of the reaction product of bis phenol and glycidyl acrylate. United States Patent 3066112. Inventor: Bowen, Rafael L. Application Number: US79030859A. Publication Date: 11/27/1962. Available at: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3066112.html /Accessed January 26, 2018.
19- Walter R, Miguez PA, Pereira PN. Microtensile bond strength of luting materials to coronal and root dentin. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2005;17(3):165-71.
20- Wang H, Pallav P, Isgro G, Feilzer AJ. Fracture toughness comparison of three test methods with four dental porcelains. Dent Mater. 2007 Jul;23(7):905-910.
21- International Organization for Standardization. Available at: https://www.iso.org/home.html /Accessed January 23, 2018.
22- Ramos MB, Pegoraro TA, Pegoraro LF, Carvalho RM. Effects of curing protocol and storage time on the micro-hardness of resin cements used to lute fiber-reinforced resin posts. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012 Sep-Oct;20(5):556-62.
23- Cekic-Nagas I, Egilmez F, Ergun G, Kaya BM. Light transmittance of zirconia as a function of thickness and microhardness of resin cements under different thicknesses of zirconia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013 Mar 1;18(2):e212-8.
24- Komori PC, de Paula AB, Martin AA, Tango RN, Sinhoreti MA, Correr-Sobrinho L. Effect of light energy density on conversion degree and hardness of dual-cured resin cement. Oper Dent. 2010 Jan-Feb;35(1):120-4.
25- Fróes-Salgado NR, Silva LM, Kawano Y, Francci C, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Composite pre-heating: effects on marginal adaptation, degree of conversion and mechanical properties. Dent Mater. 2010 Sep;26(9):908-14.
26- Yap AU, Soh MS, Han TT, Siow KS. Influence of curing lights and modes on cross-link density of dental composites. Oper Dent. 2004 Jul-Aug;29(4): 410-5.
27- Pereira SG, Fulgencio R, Nunes TG, Toledano M, Osorio R, Carvalho RM. Effect of curing protocol on the polymerization of dual-cured resin cements. Dent Mater. 2010 Jul;26(7):710-8.
28- Mainardi Mdo C, Giorgi MC, Lima DA, Marchi GM, Ambrosano GM, Paulillo LA, et al. Effect of energy density and delay time on the degree of conversion and Knoop microhardness of a dual resin cement. J Investig Clin Dent. 2015 Feb;6(1):53-8.
29- Flury S, Lussi A, Hickel R, Ilie N. Light curing through glass ceramics: effect of curing mode on micromechanical properties of dual-curing resin cements. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Apr;18(3):809-18.
30- Goncalves F, Kawano Y, Pfeifer C, Stansbury JW, Braga RR. Influence of BisGMA, TEGDMA, and BisEMA contents on viscosity, conversion, and flexural strength of experimental resins and composites. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009 Aug;117(4):442-6.
31- Moraes RR, Faria-e-Silva AL, Ogliari FA, Correr-Sobrinho L, Demarco FF, Piva E. Impact of immediate and delayed light activation on self-polymerization of dual-cured dental resin luting agents. Acta Biomater. 2009 Jul;5(6):2095-100.
32- BISCO Dental. BisCem®. Available at: http://www.bisco.com/biscem- /Accessed January 26, 2018.
33- VOCO. The Dentalists. Bifix SE®. Available at: http://www.voco.com/us/product/bifix_se/index.html /Accessed January 25, 2018.
34- Azar MR, Bagheri R, Burrow MF. Effect of storage media and time on the fracture toughness of resin-based luting cements. Aust Dent J. 2012 Sep;57(3):349-54.
35- Faria-e-Silva AL, Moraes RR, Ogliari FA, Piva E, Martins LR. Panavia F: the role of the primer. J Oral Sci. 2009 Jun;51(2):255-9.
36- Knobloch LA, Kerby RE, Seghi R, Berlin JS, Clelland N. Fracture toughness of packable and conventional composite materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2002 Sep;88(3):307-13.
37- Kim KH, Ong JL, Okuno O. The effect of filler loading and morphology on the mechanical properties of contemporary composites. J Prosthet Dent. 2002 Jun;87(6):642-9.
38- Shiomuki D, Minami H, Tanaka T, Suzuki S. Influence of light irradiation on Vickers hardness of dual-cure cement polymerized under restorations. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(3):449-55.
39- Jandt KD, Mills RW, Blackwell GB, Ashworth SH. Depth of cure and compressive strength of dental composites cured with blue light emitting diodes (LEDs). Dent Mater. 2000 Jan;16(1):41-7.
40- Kilinc E, Antonson SA, Hardigan PC, Kesercioglu A. The effect of ceramic restoration shade and thickness on the polymerization of light- and dual-cure resin cements. Oper Dent. 2011 Nov-Dec;36(6):661-9.
41- Turp V, Sen D, Poyrazoglu E, Tuncelli B, Goller G. Influence of zirconia base and shade difference on polymerization efficiency of dual-cure resin cement. J Prosthodont. 2011 Jul;20(5):361-5.
42- Lee IB, An W, Chang J, Um CM. Influence of ceramic thickness and curing mode on the polymerization shrinkage kinetics of dual-cured resin cements. Dent Mater. 2008 Aug;24(8):1141-7.
43- Puppin-Rontani RM, Dinelli RG, de Paula AB, Fucio SB, Ambrosano GM, Pascon FM. In-depth polymerization of a self-adhesive dual-cured resin cement. Oper Dent. 2012 Mar-Apr;37(2):188-94.
44- Dewaele M, Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A, Munksgaard EC, Benetti AR, Finne G, et al. Influence of curing protocol on selected properties of light-curing polymers: degree of conversion, volume contraction, elastic modulus, and glass transition temperature. Dent Mater. 2009 Dec;25(12):1576-84.
45- St-Georges AJ, Swift EJ, Thompson JY, Heymann HO. Irradiance effects on the mechanical properties of universal hybrid and flowable hybrid resin composites. Dent Mater. 2003 Jul;19(5):406-13.
46- Rueggeberg F. Contemporary issues in photocuring. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl. 1999;(25):S4-15.
47- Oztürk E, Hickel R, Bolay S, Ilie N. Micromechanical properties of veneer luting resins after curing through ceramics. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb;16(1):139-46.
48- Barghi N, McAlister EH. LED and halogen lights: effect of ceramic thickness and shade on curing luting resin. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2003 Jul;24(7):497-500, 502, 504.
49- Soares CJ, da Silva NR, Fonseca RB. Influence of the feldspathic ceramic thickness and shade on the microhardness of dual resin cement. Oper Dent. 2006 May-Jun;31(3):384-9.
50- Runnacles P, Correr GM, Baratto Filho F, Gonzaga CC, Furuse AY. Degree of conversion of a resin cement light-cured through ceramic veneers of different thicknesses and types. Braz Dent J. 2014 Jan-Feb;25(1):38-42.
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| Issue | Vol 15, No 6 (2018) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives Hardness Dental Stress Analysis Material Testing; Resin Cements Zirconium Oxide | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Samimi P, Kaveh S, Khoroushi M. Effect of Delayed Light-Curing Through a Zirconia Disc on Microhardness and Fracture Toughness of Two Types of Dual-Cure Cement. Front Dent. 2018;15(6):339-350.
