Hardness and Depth of Cure of Conventional and Bulk-fill Composite Resins in Class II Restorations with Transparent and Metal Matrix Strips
Bulk-fill Composites in Class II Restorations
Abstract
Objectives: Hardness is relevant to the degree of conversion (DC) and depth of cure (DoC). The aim of this study was to determine the micro-hardness and DoC of conventional and bulk-fill composite resins in class II restorations using metal and clear matrix bands.
Materials and Methods: Twelve specimens of each of the two composite resins, i.e., Filtek Z350 XT bulk-fill and Gradia posterior conventional composite, were prepared in the form of a class II cavity in a tooth mold, using a clear or metal matrix band. All specimens were cured and stored at 37°C for 24 hours. Vickers hardness was measured as a function of DoC at 2mm intervals. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (alpha=0.05).
Results: The bulk-fill composite exhibited significantly higher hardness levels than the conventional composite in all tested surfaces (P<0.001). However, while the metal matrix band had a significant impact on the bottom surface (P=0.059) and also on the furthest surface from the matrix and light source (P=0.04), it did not have a consistent effect across all tested surfaces. The simultaneous interaction of the composites and matrix band types in all surfaces, did not show significant differences in hardness values. The highest bottom-to-top surface hardness ratio (73%) was observed in the conventional composite near the metal matrix band.
Conclusion: In deep class II cavities, the bottom-to-top surface hardness ratio did not reach the maximum of 80%, neither for bulk-fill nor conventional posterior composites. Therefore, in such cavities extended light-curing and more incremental composite placement is needed.
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2. Leprince JG, Palin WM, Vanacker J, Sabbagh J, Devaux J, Leloup G. Physico-mechanical characteristics of commercially available bulk-fill composites. J Dent. 2014 Aug;42(8):993-1000.
3. Jadhav S, Hegde V, Aher G, Fajandar N. Influence of light curing units on failure of directcomposite restorations. J Conserv Dent. 2011 Jul;14(3):225-7.
4. Santos A, Proença L, Polido M, Cristina Azul A. Depth of cure of bulk-fill light cured composite resins with different initiators. Annals Med. 2019 Mar 29;51(sup1):141.
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6. Ruyter IE, Oysaed H. Conversion in different depths of ultraviolet and visible light activated composite materials. Acta Odontol Scand. 1982;40(3):179-92.
7. Stokkers GJ, van Silfhout A, Bootsma GA, Fransen T, Gellings PJ. Interaction of oxygen with an AISI 314 stainless steel surface studied by ellipsometry and auger electron spectroscopy in combination with ion bombardment. Corros Sci. 1983;23:195–204.
8. Lima RBW, Troconis CCM, Moreno MBP, Murillo-Gómez F, De Goes MF. Depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites: A systematic review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2018 Nov;30(6):492-501.
9. Leprince JG, Leveque P, Nysten B, Gallez B, Devaux J, Leloup G. New insight into the "depth of cure" of dimethacrylate-based dental composites. Dent Mater. 2012 May;28(5):512-20.
10. Jang JH, Park SH, Hwang IN. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk-fill resin composites and highly filled flowable resin. Oper Dent. 2015 Mar-Apr;40(2):172-80.
11. Tsai PC, Meyers IA, Walsh LJ. Depth of cure and surface microhardness of composite resin cured with blue LED curing lights. Dent Mater. 2004 May;20(4):364-9.
12. Schattenberg A, Lichtenberg D, Stender E, Willershausen B, Ernst CP. Minimal exposure time of different LED-curing devices. Dent Mater. 2008 Aug;24(8):1043-9.
13. Alshali RZ, Silikas N, Satterthwaite JD. Degree of conversion of bulk-fill compared to conventional resin-composites at two time intervals. Dent Mater. 2013 Sep;29(9):e213-7.
14. Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent Mater. 2012 May;28(5):521-8.
15. Benetti AR, Havndrup-Pedersen C, Honoré D, Pedersen MK, Pallesen U. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization contraction, depth of cure, and gap formation. Oper Dent. 2015 Mar-Apr;40(2):190-200.
16. Harrington E, Wilson HJ. Depth of cure of radiation-activated materials--effect of mould material and cavity size. J Dent. 1993 Oct;21(5):305-11.
17. Poggio C, Lombardini M, Gaviati S, Chiesa M. Evaluation of Vickers hardness and depth of cure of six composite resins photo-activated with different polymerization modes. J Conserv Dent. 2012 Jul;15(3):237-41.
18. Moore BK, Platt JA, Borges G, Chu TM, Katsilieri I. Depth of cure of dental resin composites: ISO 4049 depth and microhardness of types of materials and shades. Oper Dent. 2008 Jul-Aug;33(4):408-12.
19. Bouschlicher MR, Rueggeberg FA, Wilson BM. Correlation of bottom-to-top surface microhardness and conversion ratios for a variety of resin composite compositions. Oper Dent. 2004 Nov-Dec;29(6):698-704.
20. Cekic-Nagas I, Egilmez F, Ergun G. The effect of irradiation distance on microhardness of resin composites cured with different light curing units. Eur J Dent. 2010 Oct;4(4):440-6.
21. Oberholzer TG, Grobler SR, Pameijer CH, Hudson AP. The effects of light intensity and method of exposure on the hardness of four light-cured dental restorative materials. Int Dent J. 2003 Aug;53(4):211-5.
22. Poskus LT, Placido E, Cardoso PE. Influence of placement techniques on Vickers and Knoop hardness of class II composite resin restorations. Dent Mater. 2004 Oct;20(8):726-32.
23. Sideridou I, Tserki V, Papanastasiou G. Effect of chemical structure on degree of conversion in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins. Biomaterials. 2002 Apr;23(8):1819-29.
24. da Silva EM, Almeida GS, Poskus LT, Guimarães JG. Relationship between the degree of conversion, solubility and salivary sorption of a hybrid and a nanofilled resin composite. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008 Mar-Apr;16(2):161-6.
25. Turssi CP, Ferracane JL, Vogel K. Filler features and their effects on wear and degree of conversion of particulate dental resin composites. Biomaterials. 2005 Aug;26(24):4932-7.
26. da Silva EM, Poskus LT, Guimarães JG. Influence of light-polymerization modes on the degree of conversion and mechanical properties of resin composites: a comparative analysis between a hybrid and a nanofilled composite. Oper Dent. 2008 May-Jun;33(3):287-93.
27. Taher NM. Degree of Conversion and Surface Hardness of Two Nanocomposites Compared to Three Other Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials. Pak Oral Dent J. 2011;31:457–463.
28. Lassila LV, Nagas E, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Translucency of flowable bulk-filling composites of various thicknesses. Chin J Dent Res. 2012;15(1):31-5.
29. Aggarwal N, Jain A, Gupta H, Abrol A, Singh C, Rapgay T. The comparative evaluation of depth of cure of bulk-fill composites–An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2019; 22: 371–375.
30. Cetin AR, Hataysal AE, Kaplan TT, Botsali MS. Depth of cure and microhardness of a new composite vs. bulk-fill composites. J Res Med Dent Sci. 2019 Sep;7(5):53-9.
31. Alrahlah A, Silikas N, Watts DC. Post-cure depth of cure of bulk fill dental resin-composites. Dent Mater. 2014 Feb;30(2):149-54.
32. Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper Dent. 2014 Jul-Aug;39(4):441-8.
33. Cornelio RB, Kopperud MH, Haasum J, Gedde UW, Örtengren U. Influence of different mould materials on the degree of conversion of dental composite resins. Braz J Oral Sci. 2012 Oct-Dec;11(4):469–474.
34. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW Jr. Effect of light intensity and exposure duration on cure of resin composite. Oper Dent. 1994 Jan-Feb;19(1):26-32.
35. de Jong LC, Opdam NJ, Bronkhorst EM, Roeters JJ, Wolke JG, Geitenbeek B. The effectiveness of different polymerization protocols for class II composite resin restorations. J Dent. 2007 Jun;35(6):513-20.
36. Oberholzer TG, Schünemann M, Kidd M. Effect of LED curing on microleakage and microhardness of Class V resin-based composite restorations. Int Dent J. 2004 Feb;54(1):15-20.
37. Menees TS, Lin CP, Kojic DD, Burgess JO, Lawson NC. Depth of cure of bulk fill composites with monowave and polywave curing lights. Am J Dent. 2015 Dec;28(6):357-61.
38. Price RB, Dérand T, Loney RW, Andreou P. Effect of light source and specimen thickness on the surface hardness of resin composite. Am J Dent. 2002 Feb;15(1):47-53.
39. Wang XJ, Milner TE, de Boer JF, Zhang Y, Pashley DH, Nelson JS. Characterization of dentin and enamel by use of optical coherence tomography. Appl Opt. 1999 Apr 1;38(10):2092-6.
40. Arikawa H, Shinohara N, Takahashi H, Kanie T, Fujii K, Ban S. Light transmittance characteristics and refractive indices of light-activated pit and fissure sealants. Dent Mater J. 2010 Jan;29(1):89-96.
2. Leprince JG, Palin WM, Vanacker J, Sabbagh J, Devaux J, Leloup G. Physico-mechanical characteristics of commercially available bulk-fill composites. J Dent. 2014 Aug;42(8):993-1000.
3. Jadhav S, Hegde V, Aher G, Fajandar N. Influence of light curing units on failure of directcomposite restorations. J Conserv Dent. 2011 Jul;14(3):225-7.
4. Santos A, Proença L, Polido M, Cristina Azul A. Depth of cure of bulk-fill light cured composite resins with different initiators. Annals Med. 2019 Mar 29;51(sup1):141.
5. Van Ende A. Bulk-fill composites. In Dental Composite Materials for Direct Restorations. 1st ed. Springer: Cham; 2018. pp. 113–118.
6. Ruyter IE, Oysaed H. Conversion in different depths of ultraviolet and visible light activated composite materials. Acta Odontol Scand. 1982;40(3):179-92.
7. Stokkers GJ, van Silfhout A, Bootsma GA, Fransen T, Gellings PJ. Interaction of oxygen with an AISI 314 stainless steel surface studied by ellipsometry and auger electron spectroscopy in combination with ion bombardment. Corros Sci. 1983;23:195–204.
8. Lima RBW, Troconis CCM, Moreno MBP, Murillo-Gómez F, De Goes MF. Depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites: A systematic review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2018 Nov;30(6):492-501.
9. Leprince JG, Leveque P, Nysten B, Gallez B, Devaux J, Leloup G. New insight into the "depth of cure" of dimethacrylate-based dental composites. Dent Mater. 2012 May;28(5):512-20.
10. Jang JH, Park SH, Hwang IN. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk-fill resin composites and highly filled flowable resin. Oper Dent. 2015 Mar-Apr;40(2):172-80.
11. Tsai PC, Meyers IA, Walsh LJ. Depth of cure and surface microhardness of composite resin cured with blue LED curing lights. Dent Mater. 2004 May;20(4):364-9.
12. Schattenberg A, Lichtenberg D, Stender E, Willershausen B, Ernst CP. Minimal exposure time of different LED-curing devices. Dent Mater. 2008 Aug;24(8):1043-9.
13. Alshali RZ, Silikas N, Satterthwaite JD. Degree of conversion of bulk-fill compared to conventional resin-composites at two time intervals. Dent Mater. 2013 Sep;29(9):e213-7.
14. Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent Mater. 2012 May;28(5):521-8.
15. Benetti AR, Havndrup-Pedersen C, Honoré D, Pedersen MK, Pallesen U. Bulk-fill resin composites: polymerization contraction, depth of cure, and gap formation. Oper Dent. 2015 Mar-Apr;40(2):190-200.
16. Harrington E, Wilson HJ. Depth of cure of radiation-activated materials--effect of mould material and cavity size. J Dent. 1993 Oct;21(5):305-11.
17. Poggio C, Lombardini M, Gaviati S, Chiesa M. Evaluation of Vickers hardness and depth of cure of six composite resins photo-activated with different polymerization modes. J Conserv Dent. 2012 Jul;15(3):237-41.
18. Moore BK, Platt JA, Borges G, Chu TM, Katsilieri I. Depth of cure of dental resin composites: ISO 4049 depth and microhardness of types of materials and shades. Oper Dent. 2008 Jul-Aug;33(4):408-12.
19. Bouschlicher MR, Rueggeberg FA, Wilson BM. Correlation of bottom-to-top surface microhardness and conversion ratios for a variety of resin composite compositions. Oper Dent. 2004 Nov-Dec;29(6):698-704.
20. Cekic-Nagas I, Egilmez F, Ergun G. The effect of irradiation distance on microhardness of resin composites cured with different light curing units. Eur J Dent. 2010 Oct;4(4):440-6.
21. Oberholzer TG, Grobler SR, Pameijer CH, Hudson AP. The effects of light intensity and method of exposure on the hardness of four light-cured dental restorative materials. Int Dent J. 2003 Aug;53(4):211-5.
22. Poskus LT, Placido E, Cardoso PE. Influence of placement techniques on Vickers and Knoop hardness of class II composite resin restorations. Dent Mater. 2004 Oct;20(8):726-32.
23. Sideridou I, Tserki V, Papanastasiou G. Effect of chemical structure on degree of conversion in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins. Biomaterials. 2002 Apr;23(8):1819-29.
24. da Silva EM, Almeida GS, Poskus LT, Guimarães JG. Relationship between the degree of conversion, solubility and salivary sorption of a hybrid and a nanofilled resin composite. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008 Mar-Apr;16(2):161-6.
25. Turssi CP, Ferracane JL, Vogel K. Filler features and their effects on wear and degree of conversion of particulate dental resin composites. Biomaterials. 2005 Aug;26(24):4932-7.
26. da Silva EM, Poskus LT, Guimarães JG. Influence of light-polymerization modes on the degree of conversion and mechanical properties of resin composites: a comparative analysis between a hybrid and a nanofilled composite. Oper Dent. 2008 May-Jun;33(3):287-93.
27. Taher NM. Degree of Conversion and Surface Hardness of Two Nanocomposites Compared to Three Other Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials. Pak Oral Dent J. 2011;31:457–463.
28. Lassila LV, Nagas E, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Translucency of flowable bulk-filling composites of various thicknesses. Chin J Dent Res. 2012;15(1):31-5.
29. Aggarwal N, Jain A, Gupta H, Abrol A, Singh C, Rapgay T. The comparative evaluation of depth of cure of bulk-fill composites–An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2019; 22: 371–375.
30. Cetin AR, Hataysal AE, Kaplan TT, Botsali MS. Depth of cure and microhardness of a new composite vs. bulk-fill composites. J Res Med Dent Sci. 2019 Sep;7(5):53-9.
31. Alrahlah A, Silikas N, Watts DC. Post-cure depth of cure of bulk fill dental resin-composites. Dent Mater. 2014 Feb;30(2):149-54.
32. Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper Dent. 2014 Jul-Aug;39(4):441-8.
33. Cornelio RB, Kopperud MH, Haasum J, Gedde UW, Örtengren U. Influence of different mould materials on the degree of conversion of dental composite resins. Braz J Oral Sci. 2012 Oct-Dec;11(4):469–474.
34. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW Jr. Effect of light intensity and exposure duration on cure of resin composite. Oper Dent. 1994 Jan-Feb;19(1):26-32.
35. de Jong LC, Opdam NJ, Bronkhorst EM, Roeters JJ, Wolke JG, Geitenbeek B. The effectiveness of different polymerization protocols for class II composite resin restorations. J Dent. 2007 Jun;35(6):513-20.
36. Oberholzer TG, Schünemann M, Kidd M. Effect of LED curing on microleakage and microhardness of Class V resin-based composite restorations. Int Dent J. 2004 Feb;54(1):15-20.
37. Menees TS, Lin CP, Kojic DD, Burgess JO, Lawson NC. Depth of cure of bulk fill composites with monowave and polywave curing lights. Am J Dent. 2015 Dec;28(6):357-61.
38. Price RB, Dérand T, Loney RW, Andreou P. Effect of light source and specimen thickness on the surface hardness of resin composite. Am J Dent. 2002 Feb;15(1):47-53.
39. Wang XJ, Milner TE, de Boer JF, Zhang Y, Pashley DH, Nelson JS. Characterization of dentin and enamel by use of optical coherence tomography. Appl Opt. 1999 Apr 1;38(10):2092-6.
40. Arikawa H, Shinohara N, Takahashi H, Kanie T, Fujii K, Ban S. Light transmittance characteristics and refractive indices of light-activated pit and fissure sealants. Dent Mater J. 2010 Jan;29(1):89-96.
| Issue | Vol 20 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v20i20.12912 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Composite resins Dental Cavity Preparation Hardness Tests | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Musavinasab S, Norouzi zahra. Hardness and Depth of Cure of Conventional and Bulk-fill Composite Resins in Class II Restorations with Transparent and Metal Matrix Strips. Front Dent. 2023;20.
