Background Characteristics and Cognitive Factors as Determinants of Oral Health in Pregnant Women, Tehran, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study
-
Mina Shirmohammadi
,
Simin Zahra Mohebbi
,
Samane Razeghi
,
Mohammad Reza Khami
,
Ahmad Reza Shamshiri
,
Hoda Bahramian
Abstract
Objectives: Pregnancy can lead to oral health issues, yet many women remain unaware of the potential negative impact on their pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the dental and periodontal health of pregnant women in Tehran, Iran, and identify its associated factors.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 221 pregnant women attending 12 randomly selected public health centers in Tehran, Iran. A self-administered questionnaire gathered data on background characteristics, oral health knowledge, and self-reported health. Periodontal status, oral hygiene, and dental health were assessed using bleeding on probing (BOP), simplified oral health (OHI-S), and decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) indices. Statistical analysis included simple and multiple linear regression (P<0.05).
Results: The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 42 years (mean: 27.9 years, SD: 5.5). On average, participants scored 4.1 out of 11 (SD: 1.7) for general oral health knowledge and 1.62 out of 4 (SD: 0.9) for knowledge about oral health during pregnancy. The mean DMFT was 8.28 (SD: 5.7), with 65.6% of women having fair oral hygiene according to the OHI-S. Participants reporting poor general health had more debris (B: 0.276, P=0.043), while those with higher general oral health knowledge had fewer missing teeth (B: -0.183, P=0.048).
Conclusion: Despite partial free oral health care provided to pregnant women in Iran, the dental and periodontal conditions of the participants were unsatisfactory. Implementing motivational educational programs within the primary health care system could be instrumental in improving the oral health of pregnant mothers.
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19. Gambhir RS, Nirola A, Gupta T, Sekhon TS, Anand S. Oral health knowledge and awareness among pregnant women in India: A systematic review. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2015 Nov-Dec;19(6):612-7.
20. Ozen B, Ozer L, Başak F, Altun C, Açıkel C. Turkish women's self-reported knowledge and behavior towards oral health during pregnancy. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21(4):318-22.
21. Boggess KA, Urlaub DM, Moos MK, Polinkovsky M, El-Khorazaty J, Lorenz C. Knowledge and beliefs regarding oral health among pregnant women. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 Nov;142(11):1275-82.
22. Shaghaghian S, Malekmakan L, Rahimian V, Savadi N. Dental caries status and its associated factors in pregnant women, Shiraz, Iran, 2014. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol. 2017 Jul 5;6(3):165-72.
23. Gupta R, Acharya AK. Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs among Pregnant Women of Raichur District, India: A Population Based Cross-Sectional Study. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:9860387.
24. Africa CWJ, Turton M. Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Dent. 2019 Mar 4;2019:5475973.
25. Vasiliauskiene I, Milciuviene S, Bendoraitiene E, Narbutaite J, Slabsinskiene E, Andruskeviciene V. Dynamics of pregnant women's oral health status during preventive programme. Stomatologija. 2007;9(4):129-36.
26. Moimaz SA, Rocha NB, Garbin AJ, Garbin CA, Saliba O. Influence of oral health on quality of life in pregnant women. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2016 Sep;29(2):186-193. English.
27. Vergnes JN, Kaminski M, Lelong N, Musset AM, Sixou M, Nabet C; et al. Frequency and risk indicators of tooth decay among pregnant women in France: a cross-sectional analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e33296.
28. Gupta B, Siddique A. A study of association between dental health status and pregnancy. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2016;2(4):521-3.
29. Krüger MSDM, Casarin RP, Gonçalves LB, Pappen FG, Bello-Correa FO, Romano AR. Periodontal Health Status and Associated Factors: Findings of a Prenatal Oral Health Program in South Brazil. Int J Dent. 2017;2017:3534048.
30. Ifesanya JU, Ifesanya AO, Asuzu MC, Oke GA. Determinants of good oral hygiene among pregnant women in ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2010 Dec;8(2):95-100.
31. Tadakamadla SK, Agarwal P, Jain P, Balasubramanyam G, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S, Chandrashekar KT. Dental status and its socio-demographic influences among pregnant women attending a maternity hospital in India. Rev Clín Pesq Odontol. 2007;3:183-92.
32. Kashetty M, Kumbhar S, Patil S, Patil P. Oral hygiene status, gingival status, periodontal status, and treatment needs among pregnant and nonpregnant women: A comparative study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2018 Mar-Apr;22(2):164-170.
33. Lasisi TJ, Abdus-Salam RA. Pattern of Oral Health Among a Population of Pregnant Women in Southwestern Nigeria. Arch Basic Appl Med. 2018 Feb;6:99-103. Epub 2018 Feb 13.
34. Sede MA, Ehizele AO. Relationship between obesity and oral diseases. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014;17(6):683-90.
35. Alswat K, Mohamed WS, Wahab MA, Aboelil AA. The Association Between Body Mass Index and Dental Caries: Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med Res. 2016 Feb;8(2):147-52.
36. Alghamdi AA, Almahdy A. Association Between Dental Caries and Body Mass Index in Schoolchildren Aged Between 14 and 16 Years in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Clin Med Res. 2017 Dec;9(12):981-986.
37. Muniz FW, Costa RD, Cavagni J, Milanesi FC, Hilgert JB, Gomes SC, et al. Body fat rather than body mass index is associated with gingivitis–A southern Brazilian cross‐sectional study J Periodontol. 2018 Apr;89(4):388-96.
38. Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Sanchez-Perez L, Molina-Frechero N, Velazquez-Alva C, Zepeda-Zepeda M, Borges-Yanez A. The relationship between body mass index and body fat percentage and periodontal status in Mexican adolescents. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014 Jan;72(1):48-57.
39. Benguigui C, Bongard V, Ruidavets JB, Sixou M, Chamontin B, Ferrières J, et al. Evaluation of oral health related to body mass index. Oral Dis. 2012 Nov;18(8):748-55.
2. Committee Opinion No. 569: oral health care during pregnancy and through the lifespan. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Aug;122(2 Pt 1):417-422.
3. Naseem M, Khurshid Z, Khan HA, Niazi F, Zohaib S, Zafar MS. Oral health challenges in pregnant women: Recommendations for dental care professionals. Saudi J Dental Res. 2016 Jul 1;7(2):138-46.
4. Kane SF. The effects of oral health on systemic health. Gen Dent. 2017 Nov-Dec;65(6):30-34.
5. Cardoso AMR, de Medeiros MMD, Gomes LN, Martins ML, Padilha WWN, Cavalcanti AL. Factors associated with health and oral health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Spec Care Dentist. 2018 Jul;38(4):216-226.
6. Scannapieco FA, Mylotte JM. Relationships Between Periodontal Disease and Bacterial Pneumonia. J Periodontol. 1996 Oct;67 Suppl 10S:1114-1122.
7. Kirca N. The importance of oral dental health in pregnancy. Adv Dent Oral Health. 2018;7:555710.
8. Rakchanok N, Amporn D, Yoshida Y, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Sakamoto J. Dental caries and gingivitis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2010 Feb;72(1-2):43-50.
9. Azofeifa A, Yeung LF, Alverson CJ, Beltrán-Aguilar E. Dental caries and periodontal disease among U.S. pregnant women and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. J Public Health Dent. 2016 Sep;76(4):320-329.
10. Villa A, Abati S, Pileri P, Calabrese S, Capobianco G, Strohmenger L, et al. Oral health and oral diseases in pregnancy: a multicentre survey of Italian postpartum women. Aust Dent J. 2013 Jun;58(2):224-9.
11. Deghatipour M, Ghorbani Z, Ghanbari S, Arshi S, Ehdayivand F, Namdari M, et al. Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic and behavioral factors among pregnant women: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Jun 17;19(1):117.
12. Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S, Khorsandi M. The status of dental caries and some acting factors in a sample of Iranian women with pregnancy. World J Med Sci. 2013;9(4):190-7.
13. Allameh M, Khademi H, Eslami M. A cross-sectional survey on relationship between some biologic maternal characteristics and dental status of pregnant women in Isfahan, Iran, in 2012. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol. 2014 Aug 16;3(2):72-8.
14. Bahramian H, Mohebbi SZ, Khami MR, Sighaldeh SS. A Health Belief Model-Based Instrument for Assessing Factors Affecting Oral Health Behavior During Pregnancy. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2017 Aug 1;19(8).
15. World Health Organization. Oral Health Surveys – Basic Methods Fifth Edition. 2013. Available at: https://cappmediaprodst.blob.core.windows.net/media/1016/who-oral-health-surveys-basic-methods-5th-ed.pdf/ Accessed October 2023.
16. Somasundaram RS, Nedunchezhian R. Missing value imputation using refined mean substitution. Int. J. Comput. Sci. 2012 Jul 1;9(4):306.
17. Balan P, He HG, Cao F, Wong ML, Chong YS, Lopez V, et al. Oral Health in Pregnant Chinese Women in Singapore: A Call to Go beyond the Traditional Clinical Care. Healthcare (Basel). 2018 Jul 9;6(3):77.
18. Gaszyńska E, Klepacz-Szewczyk J, Trafalska E, Garus-Pakowska A, Szatko F. Dental awareness and oral health of pregnant women in Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015;28(3):603-11.
19. Gambhir RS, Nirola A, Gupta T, Sekhon TS, Anand S. Oral health knowledge and awareness among pregnant women in India: A systematic review. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2015 Nov-Dec;19(6):612-7.
20. Ozen B, Ozer L, Başak F, Altun C, Açıkel C. Turkish women's self-reported knowledge and behavior towards oral health during pregnancy. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21(4):318-22.
21. Boggess KA, Urlaub DM, Moos MK, Polinkovsky M, El-Khorazaty J, Lorenz C. Knowledge and beliefs regarding oral health among pregnant women. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 Nov;142(11):1275-82.
22. Shaghaghian S, Malekmakan L, Rahimian V, Savadi N. Dental caries status and its associated factors in pregnant women, Shiraz, Iran, 2014. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol. 2017 Jul 5;6(3):165-72.
23. Gupta R, Acharya AK. Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs among Pregnant Women of Raichur District, India: A Population Based Cross-Sectional Study. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:9860387.
24. Africa CWJ, Turton M. Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Dent. 2019 Mar 4;2019:5475973.
25. Vasiliauskiene I, Milciuviene S, Bendoraitiene E, Narbutaite J, Slabsinskiene E, Andruskeviciene V. Dynamics of pregnant women's oral health status during preventive programme. Stomatologija. 2007;9(4):129-36.
26. Moimaz SA, Rocha NB, Garbin AJ, Garbin CA, Saliba O. Influence of oral health on quality of life in pregnant women. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2016 Sep;29(2):186-193. English.
27. Vergnes JN, Kaminski M, Lelong N, Musset AM, Sixou M, Nabet C; et al. Frequency and risk indicators of tooth decay among pregnant women in France: a cross-sectional analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e33296.
28. Gupta B, Siddique A. A study of association between dental health status and pregnancy. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2016;2(4):521-3.
29. Krüger MSDM, Casarin RP, Gonçalves LB, Pappen FG, Bello-Correa FO, Romano AR. Periodontal Health Status and Associated Factors: Findings of a Prenatal Oral Health Program in South Brazil. Int J Dent. 2017;2017:3534048.
30. Ifesanya JU, Ifesanya AO, Asuzu MC, Oke GA. Determinants of good oral hygiene among pregnant women in ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2010 Dec;8(2):95-100.
31. Tadakamadla SK, Agarwal P, Jain P, Balasubramanyam G, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S, Chandrashekar KT. Dental status and its socio-demographic influences among pregnant women attending a maternity hospital in India. Rev Clín Pesq Odontol. 2007;3:183-92.
32. Kashetty M, Kumbhar S, Patil S, Patil P. Oral hygiene status, gingival status, periodontal status, and treatment needs among pregnant and nonpregnant women: A comparative study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2018 Mar-Apr;22(2):164-170.
33. Lasisi TJ, Abdus-Salam RA. Pattern of Oral Health Among a Population of Pregnant Women in Southwestern Nigeria. Arch Basic Appl Med. 2018 Feb;6:99-103. Epub 2018 Feb 13.
34. Sede MA, Ehizele AO. Relationship between obesity and oral diseases. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014;17(6):683-90.
35. Alswat K, Mohamed WS, Wahab MA, Aboelil AA. The Association Between Body Mass Index and Dental Caries: Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med Res. 2016 Feb;8(2):147-52.
36. Alghamdi AA, Almahdy A. Association Between Dental Caries and Body Mass Index in Schoolchildren Aged Between 14 and 16 Years in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Clin Med Res. 2017 Dec;9(12):981-986.
37. Muniz FW, Costa RD, Cavagni J, Milanesi FC, Hilgert JB, Gomes SC, et al. Body fat rather than body mass index is associated with gingivitis–A southern Brazilian cross‐sectional study J Periodontol. 2018 Apr;89(4):388-96.
38. Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Sanchez-Perez L, Molina-Frechero N, Velazquez-Alva C, Zepeda-Zepeda M, Borges-Yanez A. The relationship between body mass index and body fat percentage and periodontal status in Mexican adolescents. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014 Jan;72(1):48-57.
39. Benguigui C, Bongard V, Ruidavets JB, Sixou M, Chamontin B, Ferrières J, et al. Evaluation of oral health related to body mass index. Oral Dis. 2012 Nov;18(8):748-55.
| Issue | Vol 21 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v21i4.14821 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Pregnant women Oral health Knowledge Periodontal index Oral hygiene | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Shirmohammadi M, Mohebbi SZ, Razeghi S, Khami M, Shamshiri A, Bahramian H. Background Characteristics and Cognitive Factors as Determinants of Oral Health in Pregnant Women, Tehran, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Dent. 2024;21.
