Oral Health Status and Related Factors in Children with Visual Impairment Aged 7-11 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to investigate oral health, oral hygiene, and associated factors in children with visual impairment aged 7-11 years.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 47 children with visual impairment aged 7-11 years who were selected from all three schools available for visually impaired children in Tehran in December 2018. Questions regarding age, gender, status of visual impairment, level of education of the parents, self-reported dental and gingival health, oral health, and dietary habits were asked face-to-face using the World Health Organization oral health questionnaire for children. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth index for both primary (dmft) and permanent (DMFT) dentitions was determined by clinical examination. Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were also assessed. Linear and logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Over 70% of the children were satisfied with their dental and gingival health. Daily brushing was reported by 70.2%. Over half of the children reported daily consumption of fruits and jam/honey. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 2.85±3.21 and 0.81±1.15, respectively. The mean OHI-S was 2.09±0.58. Also, 57.4% and 34% of the children had unrestored caries in their primary and permanent teeth, respectively. BOP was seen in 78.7% of the children. A significant correlation was observed between toothache in the past 12 months and dmft score (P<0.003). Daily tooth brushing was inversely correlated with OHI-S index (P=0.02).
Conclusion: The results highlight an urgent need for implementation of oral health programs for visually impaired children.
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9. AlSadhan SA, Al-Jobair AM, Bafaqeeh M, Abusharifa H, Alagla M. Dental and medical health status and oral health knowledge among visually impaired and sighted female schoolchildren in Riyadh: a comparative study. BMC Oral Health. 2017 Dec;17(1):154.
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21. Amrollahi N, Amini A, Jafarzadeh M. Parental awareness about oral health preventive care and its relation to DMFT index in visually impaired children. J Dent (Shiraz). 2020 Jun; 21(2):106-10.
22. Sharififard N, Sargeran K, Gholami M, Zayeri F. A music-and game-based oral health education for visually impaired school children; multilevel analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health. 2020 May;20:144.
23. WHO. Oral health surveys: basic methods - 5th edition. Annex 8: World Health Organization, Oral Health Questionnaire for Children, 2013. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548649. Accessed August 9, 2020.
24. Ghasemianpour M, Bakhshandeh S, Shirvani A, Emadi N, Samadzadeh H, Moosavi Fatemi N, et al. Dental caries experience and socio-economic status among Iranian children: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health. 2019 Nov;19:1569.
25. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Version : 04 / 2019. Available at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/lm/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1103667651. Accessed August 9, 2020.
26. WHO. Oral health surveys: basic methods - 5th edition. Annex 2: World Health Organization, Oral Health Assessment Form for Children, 2013. https://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/9789241548649/en/. Accessed August 9, 2020.
27. Kolawole KA, Folayan MO. Association between malocclusion, caries and oral hygiene in children 6 to 12 years old resident in suburban Nigeria. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Dec;19:262.
28 Greene JG, Vermillion JR. The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964 Jan;68(1):7-13.
29 Zimmermann H, Hagenfeld D, Diercke K, Elsayed N, Fricke J, Greiser KH, et al. Pocket depth and bleeding on probing and their associations with dental, lifestyle, socioeconomic and blood variables: a cross-sectional, multicenter feasibility study of the German National Cohort. BMC Oral Health 2015 Dec;15:7.
30. Solanki J, Gupta S, Arora G, Bhateja S. Prevalence of dental caries and oral hygiene status among blind school children and normal children, Jodhpur City: A comparative study. J Adv Oral Res. 2013 May;4(2):1-5.
31. Parkar SM, Patel N, Patel N, Zinzuwadia H. Dental health status of visually impaired individuals attending special school for blind in Ahmedabad city, India. Indian J Oral Sci. 2014 May;5(2):73-7.
2. World Health Organization: Blindness and vision impairment. Geneva: WHO; 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/ detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment Accessed August 9, 2020.
3. GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Vision Loss Collaborators. Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. Int J Public Health. 2018 May;63(1):199-210.
4. Ghaderi S, Hashemi H, Jafarzadehpur E, Yekta A, Ostadimoghaddam H, Mirzajani A, et al. The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in sevenyear‐ old children. Clin Exp Optom. 2018 May;101(3):380-5.
5. Ali SH, Hamad AM, Zardawi FM, Arif AN. Oral health knowledge, practice and oral hygiene status among visually impaired students in Sulaimani city. Iraq J Dent Med Sc. 2015 Sep;14:62.
6. Bekiroglu N, Acar N, Kargul B. Caries experience and oral hygiene status of a group of visually impaired children in Istanbul, Turkey. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2012 Jan;10(1):75-81.
7. Ningseh T, Corresponding M, Omar R, Raja J, Abdul M, Lumpur K. Self-reported oral hygiene practices and periodontal status of visually impaired adults. Glob J Health Sci. 2010 Oct;2(2):184-91.
8. Jain A, Gupta J, Aggarwal V, Goyal C. To evaluate the comparative status of oral health practices, oral hygiene and periodontal status amongst visually impaired and sighted students. Spec Care Dentist. 2013 Mar;33(2):78-84.
9. AlSadhan SA, Al-Jobair AM, Bafaqeeh M, Abusharifa H, Alagla M. Dental and medical health status and oral health knowledge among visually impaired and sighted female schoolchildren in Riyadh: a comparative study. BMC Oral Health. 2017 Dec;17(1):154.
10. Suresan V, Das D, Jnaneswar A, Jha K, Kumar G, Subramaniam GB. Assessment of dental caries, oral hygiene status, traumatic dental injuries and provision of basic oral health care among visually impaired children of Eastern Odisha. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017 Oct;35(4):284-90.
11. Mahoney EK, Kumar N, Porter SR. Effect of visual impairment upon oral health care: A review. Br Dent J. 2008 Jan;204(2):63-7.
12. John JR, Daniel B, Paneerselvam D, Rajendran G. Prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene knowledge, status, and practices among visually impaired individuals in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Int J Dent. 2017 Mar;2017(5):1-6.
13. Eid SA, Khattab NMA, Elheeny AAH. Untreated dental caries prevalence and impact on the quality of life among 11 to14-year-old Egyptian schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2020 Dec;20:83.
14. Singh A, Dhawan P, Gaurav V, Rastogi P, Singh S. Assessment of oral health-related quality of life in 9-15 year old children with visual impairment in Uttarakhand, India. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2017 Jan;14(1):43-49.
15. Azrina AN, Norzuliza G, Saub R. Oral hygiene practices among the visually impaired adolescents. Ann Dent. 2007 Dec 31;14(1):1-6.
16. Tagelsir A, Khogli AE, Nurelhuda NM. Oral health of visually impaired schoolchildren in Khartoum State, Sudan. BMC Oral Health. 2013 Dec;13:33.
17. Liu L, Zhang Y, Wu W, He M, Lu Z, Zhang K, et al. Oral health status among visually impaired schoolchildren in Northeast China. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Dec;19:63.
18. Shetty V, Hegde A, Bhandary S, Rai K. Oral health status of the visually impaired children – A South Indian study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010 Apr; 34(3):213-16.
19. Mota-Veloso I, Soares ME, Alencar BM, Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Ramos-Jorge J. Impact of untreated dental caries and its clinical consequences on the oral health-related quality of life of schoolchildren aged 8–10 years. Qual Life Res. 2016; 25(1):193-9.
20. Tahani B, Mojahedi M, Heidary AS. Assessment of oral hygiene habits and oral health status in 4‒12-year-old visually impaired children in Isfahan. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2015 Dec; 11(5):414-24.
21. Amrollahi N, Amini A, Jafarzadeh M. Parental awareness about oral health preventive care and its relation to DMFT index in visually impaired children. J Dent (Shiraz). 2020 Jun; 21(2):106-10.
22. Sharififard N, Sargeran K, Gholami M, Zayeri F. A music-and game-based oral health education for visually impaired school children; multilevel analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health. 2020 May;20:144.
23. WHO. Oral health surveys: basic methods - 5th edition. Annex 8: World Health Organization, Oral Health Questionnaire for Children, 2013. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548649. Accessed August 9, 2020.
24. Ghasemianpour M, Bakhshandeh S, Shirvani A, Emadi N, Samadzadeh H, Moosavi Fatemi N, et al. Dental caries experience and socio-economic status among Iranian children: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health. 2019 Nov;19:1569.
25. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Version : 04 / 2019. Available at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/lm/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1103667651. Accessed August 9, 2020.
26. WHO. Oral health surveys: basic methods - 5th edition. Annex 2: World Health Organization, Oral Health Assessment Form for Children, 2013. https://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/9789241548649/en/. Accessed August 9, 2020.
27. Kolawole KA, Folayan MO. Association between malocclusion, caries and oral hygiene in children 6 to 12 years old resident in suburban Nigeria. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Dec;19:262.
28 Greene JG, Vermillion JR. The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964 Jan;68(1):7-13.
29 Zimmermann H, Hagenfeld D, Diercke K, Elsayed N, Fricke J, Greiser KH, et al. Pocket depth and bleeding on probing and their associations with dental, lifestyle, socioeconomic and blood variables: a cross-sectional, multicenter feasibility study of the German National Cohort. BMC Oral Health 2015 Dec;15:7.
30. Solanki J, Gupta S, Arora G, Bhateja S. Prevalence of dental caries and oral hygiene status among blind school children and normal children, Jodhpur City: A comparative study. J Adv Oral Res. 2013 May;4(2):1-5.
31. Parkar SM, Patel N, Patel N, Zinzuwadia H. Dental health status of visually impaired individuals attending special school for blind in Ahmedabad city, India. Indian J Oral Sci. 2014 May;5(2):73-7.
| Issue | Vol 19 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v19i13.9216 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Oral Health Vision Disorders Dental Caries Oral Hygiene Index | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sharififard N, Sargeran K, Gholami M. Oral Health Status and Related Factors in Children with Visual Impairment Aged 7-11 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Dent. 2022;19.
