Bacteremia After Orthodontic Miniscrew Insertion
,
Abstract
Objectives: Use of miniscrews has become very common in orthodontic treatment of patients. Following tissue manipulation during miniscrew placement, bacteremia may occur, which is important in patients susceptible to infective endocarditis. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of bacteremia following orthodontic miniscrew placement.
Materials and Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 orthodontic patients, including 11 males (36.7%) and 19 females (63.3%) with a mean age of 23.67±4.87 years, who required miniscrew placement in their treatment plan. Two blood samples were taken from the patients for aerobic and anaerobic cultures right before and 30-60 seconds after miniscrew placement. To investigate the presence of bacteremia, the blood samples were incubated in an automated blood culture machine for five days. The standard biological methods were used for the positive sample(s) to identify the type of bacteria. Data analysis was performed using the McNemar test.
Results: The blood samples of 29 patients were negative for the bacteria before and after miniscrew placement. Blood sample of one patient was positive for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria after miniscrew placement. However, bacteremia was negative in the initial (preplacement) blood samples for both aerobes and anaerobes.
Conclusion: Miniscrew placement in orthodontic patients was not associated with bacteremia.
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12. Jain RK, Kumar SP, Manjula WS. Comparison of intrusion effects on maxillary incisors among miniimplant anchorage, j‑hook headgear and utility arch. J Clin Diagn Res 2014 Jul;8(7):ZC21‑4.
13. Yu JH, Lin YS, Chang WJ, Chang YZ, Lin CL. Mechanical effects of micro-thread orthodontic miniscrew design in relation to artificial cortical bone thickness. J Med Biol Eng. 2014 Feb:34(1):49-55
14. Everett ED, Hirschmann JV. Transient bacteremia and endocarditis prophylaxis. A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977 Jan;56:61–77.
15. Guntheroth WG. How important are dental procedures as a cause of infective endocarditis? Am J Cardiol1984 Oct;54:797–801.
16. Roberts GJ, Holzel HS, Sury MRJ, Simmons NA, Gardner P, Longhurst P. Dental bacteremia in children. PediatrCardiol1997 Jan-Feb;18:24–7.
17. Akbulut Y. The effect of different mouthwashes on bacteremia after debonding. Niger J Clin Pract 2020 Jul;23:900-5.
18. Livas C, Delli K, Karapsias S, Pandis N, and Re Y. Investigation of bacteremia induced by removal of orthodontic mini-implants. Eur J Orthod2014 Feb;36:16–21.
19. Lo¨e H. The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index system. J Periodontol. 1967 Nov-Dec;38(6):610-6.
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21. Mang-de la Rosa MR, Castellanos-Cosano L, Romero-Perez MJ, Cutando A. The bacteremia of dental origin and its implications in the appearance of bacterial endocarditis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014 Jan;19 (1):e67-73.
22. Gilligan PH. Blood culture contamination: a clinical and financial burden. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013 Jan;34(1):22-3.
23. Reimer LG, Wilson ML, Weinstein MP. Update on detection of bacteremia and fungemia. ClinMicrobiol Rev 1997 Jul;10:444–65.
24. Krisanapan P, Chaiwarith R. Time to blood cultures positivity of microorganisms using a continuous-monitoring automated blood cultures system. Asian Biomed (Res Rev News) 2019 Dec;13(2):61–69
25. Burden DJ, Coulter WA, Johnston CD, Mullally B, Stevenson M. The prevalence of bacteraemia on removal of fixed orthodontic appliances. Eur J Orthod. 2004 Sep;26:443-7.
26. Gurel HG, Basciftci FA, Arslan U. Transient bacteremia after removal of a bonded maxillary expansion appliance. AM J Orthod Dentofacial Orhtop 2009 Feb;135(2):190-3.
27. Akbulut Y, Goymen M, Zer Y, Buyuktas MA. Investigation of bacteremia after debonding procedures. Acta Odontol Scand 2018 Jul;76(5):314- 319.
28. Azeem M, UlHaq A, Ilyas M, Ul Hamid W, Hayat MB, Jamal F, et al. Bacteremia after microosteoperforation. Int Orthod. 2018 Sep;16(3):463-9.
29. Seifert H. The clinical importance of microbiological findings in the diagnosis and management of bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 May;48(Suppl. 4):S238-45.
30. Horstkotte D, Follath F, Gutschik E, Lengyel M, Oto A, Pavie A, et al. Guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary. Task Force on Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004 Feb;25:267-76.
31. Nord CE, Heimdahl A. Cardiovascular infections: Bacterial endocarditis of oral origin. Pathogenesis and prophylaxis. J Clin Periodontol 1990 Aug;17:494-6.
32. Roberts GJ, Gardner P, Simmons NA. Optimum sampling time for detection of dental bacteremia in children. Int J Cardiol. 1992 Jun;35(3):311-5.
33. Bush LM. Staphylococcus aureus Infections. MSD Manual. Jun 2019.
34. David MZ, Daum RS. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;23:616–87.
35. Shah ASV, McAllister DA, Gallacher P, Astengo F, Pérez JAR, Hall J, et al. Incidence, microbiology, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2020 Jun;141:2067–77.
2. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007 Oct;116(15):1736-54.
3. Christakie, Giamarellos-Bourboulisej. The complex pathogenesis of bacteremia from antimicrobial clearance mechanisms to the genetic background of the host. Virulence. 2014 Jan;5(1):57–65.
4. Holland TL, Baddour LM, Bayer AS, Hoen B, Miro JM, Fowler VG Jr. Infective endocarditis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Sep;2:16059.
5. Hupp JR, Ellis Ill E, Tucker MR. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery. Sixth edition. Mosby, an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2014; p314
6. Lucas VS, Omar J, Viera A, Roberts G. The relationship between odontogenic bacteraemia and orthodontic treatment procedures. Eur J Orthod. 2002 Jan;24:293-301.
7. Vilani GN, Ruellas AC, Mattos CT, Fernandes DJ, Elias CN. Influence of cortical thickness on the stability of mini‑implants with microthreads. Braz Oral Res 2015 Jan;29(1):1-7.
8. Favero L, Brollo P, Bressan E. Orthodontic anchorage with specific fixtures: Related study analysis. Am J Orthod DentofacialOrth op 2002 Jul;122(1):84‑94.
9. Lee J, Miyazawa K, Tabuchi M, Sato T, Kawaguchi M, Goto S. Effectiveness of en‑masse etraction using midpalatalminiscrews and a modified transpalatal arch: Treatment duration and dentoskeletal changes. Korean J Orthod 2014 Mar;44(2):88‑95.
10. Wu TY, Kuang SH, Wu CH. Factors associated with the stability of mini‑implants for orthodontic anchorage: A study of 414 samples in Taiwan. J Oral MaxillofacSurg 2009 Aug;67(8):1595‑9.
11. Ueno S, Motoyoshi M, Mayahara K, Saito Y, Akiyama Y, Son S, et al. Analysis of a force system for upper molar distalization using a trans‑palatal arch and mini-implant: A finite element analysis study. Eur J Orthod 2013 Oct;35(5):628‑33.
12. Jain RK, Kumar SP, Manjula WS. Comparison of intrusion effects on maxillary incisors among miniimplant anchorage, j‑hook headgear and utility arch. J Clin Diagn Res 2014 Jul;8(7):ZC21‑4.
13. Yu JH, Lin YS, Chang WJ, Chang YZ, Lin CL. Mechanical effects of micro-thread orthodontic miniscrew design in relation to artificial cortical bone thickness. J Med Biol Eng. 2014 Feb:34(1):49-55
14. Everett ED, Hirschmann JV. Transient bacteremia and endocarditis prophylaxis. A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977 Jan;56:61–77.
15. Guntheroth WG. How important are dental procedures as a cause of infective endocarditis? Am J Cardiol1984 Oct;54:797–801.
16. Roberts GJ, Holzel HS, Sury MRJ, Simmons NA, Gardner P, Longhurst P. Dental bacteremia in children. PediatrCardiol1997 Jan-Feb;18:24–7.
17. Akbulut Y. The effect of different mouthwashes on bacteremia after debonding. Niger J Clin Pract 2020 Jul;23:900-5.
18. Livas C, Delli K, Karapsias S, Pandis N, and Re Y. Investigation of bacteremia induced by removal of orthodontic mini-implants. Eur J Orthod2014 Feb;36:16–21.
19. Lo¨e H. The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index system. J Periodontol. 1967 Nov-Dec;38(6):610-6.
20. Leber AL. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook.4th edition. Volume 1-3. Washington, DC: ASM press, 2016. Ch3.4.1; p3.4.1.1-3.4.1.17
21. Mang-de la Rosa MR, Castellanos-Cosano L, Romero-Perez MJ, Cutando A. The bacteremia of dental origin and its implications in the appearance of bacterial endocarditis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014 Jan;19 (1):e67-73.
22. Gilligan PH. Blood culture contamination: a clinical and financial burden. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013 Jan;34(1):22-3.
23. Reimer LG, Wilson ML, Weinstein MP. Update on detection of bacteremia and fungemia. ClinMicrobiol Rev 1997 Jul;10:444–65.
24. Krisanapan P, Chaiwarith R. Time to blood cultures positivity of microorganisms using a continuous-monitoring automated blood cultures system. Asian Biomed (Res Rev News) 2019 Dec;13(2):61–69
25. Burden DJ, Coulter WA, Johnston CD, Mullally B, Stevenson M. The prevalence of bacteraemia on removal of fixed orthodontic appliances. Eur J Orthod. 2004 Sep;26:443-7.
26. Gurel HG, Basciftci FA, Arslan U. Transient bacteremia after removal of a bonded maxillary expansion appliance. AM J Orthod Dentofacial Orhtop 2009 Feb;135(2):190-3.
27. Akbulut Y, Goymen M, Zer Y, Buyuktas MA. Investigation of bacteremia after debonding procedures. Acta Odontol Scand 2018 Jul;76(5):314- 319.
28. Azeem M, UlHaq A, Ilyas M, Ul Hamid W, Hayat MB, Jamal F, et al. Bacteremia after microosteoperforation. Int Orthod. 2018 Sep;16(3):463-9.
29. Seifert H. The clinical importance of microbiological findings in the diagnosis and management of bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 May;48(Suppl. 4):S238-45.
30. Horstkotte D, Follath F, Gutschik E, Lengyel M, Oto A, Pavie A, et al. Guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary. Task Force on Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004 Feb;25:267-76.
31. Nord CE, Heimdahl A. Cardiovascular infections: Bacterial endocarditis of oral origin. Pathogenesis and prophylaxis. J Clin Periodontol 1990 Aug;17:494-6.
32. Roberts GJ, Gardner P, Simmons NA. Optimum sampling time for detection of dental bacteremia in children. Int J Cardiol. 1992 Jun;35(3):311-5.
33. Bush LM. Staphylococcus aureus Infections. MSD Manual. Jun 2019.
34. David MZ, Daum RS. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;23:616–87.
35. Shah ASV, McAllister DA, Gallacher P, Astengo F, Pérez JAR, Hall J, et al. Incidence, microbiology, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2020 Jun;141:2067–77.
| Issue | Vol 19 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v19i7.8554 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bacteremia Bone Screw Endocarditis Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Feizbakhsh M, Daneshkazemi P, Mobasherizade S, Fallah N. Bacteremia After Orthodontic Miniscrew Insertion. Front Dent. 2022;19.
