Effect of Polishing and Universal Bonding Application on Mercury Release from Aged Amalgam after Exposure to Bleaching Agents
Abstract
Objectives: Teeth bleaching is an accepted and modern treatment in cosmetic dentistry. Bleaching agents may affect amalgam restorations and increase mercury release; therefore, patients are at increased risk of mercury exposure in the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polishing and universal bonding application on mercury release from aged amalgams exposed to bleaching.
Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro experimental study, 64 dental amalgam specimens with dimensions of 3×5×10 were prepared and divided into two experimental and control groups. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups and received one of the following treatments: no intervention, surface bonding, polishing, or polishing and surface bonding. Subsequently, the samples were immersed in bleaching agent containing 7% hydrogen peroxide and the amount of mercury released after 96h was measured. The results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (α≤0.05).
Results: The results showed that the type of solution (P<0.05) and surface treatment (P<0.001) significantly affected the level of mercury release. However, there was no significant interaction between surface treatment methods in the bleaching group and those in the phosphate buffer group (P=0.621).
Conclusion: Bleaching agents were found to enhance mercury release from dental amalgam. The application of polishing and universal bonding on amalgam surfaces exhibited significant effects on the reduction of the mercury release.
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12. Rodríguez-Martínez J, Valiente M, Sánchez-Martín MJ. Tooth whitening: From the established treatments to novel approaches to prevent side effects. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2019 Sep;31(5):431-40.
13. Oskoee PA, Kahnamoui MA, Oskoee SS, Zadfattah F, Pournaghi-Azar F. Effects of in-office and home bleaching gels on the surface mercury levels of dental amalgam. Eur J Dent. 2010 Jan;4(1):23-7.
14. Wongsamut W, Satrawaha S, Wayakanon K. Surface modification for bonding between amalgam and orthodontic brackets. J Orthod Sci. 2017 Oct-Dec;6(4):129-135.
15. Shen GX, Chen YC, Lin L, Lin CJ, Scantlebury D. Study on a hydrophobic nano-TiO2 coating and its properties for corrosion protection of metals. Electrochim Acta. 2005 Sep;50(25-26):5083-9.
16. Lyttle HA, Bowden GH. The level of mercury in human dental plaque and interaction in vitro between biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and dental amalgam. J Dent Res. 1993 Sep;72(9):1320-4.
17. Mahler DB, Adey JD, Simms LE, Marek M. Influence of liquid films on mercury vapor loss from dental amalgam. Dent Mater. 2002 Jul;18(5):407-12.
18. Steinberg D. Studying plaque biofilms on various dental surfaces. InHandbook of bacterial adhesion: principles, methods, and applications. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2000.
19. Canay S, Cehreli MC, Bilgiç S. In vitro evaluation of the effect of a current bleaching agent on the electrochemical corrosion of dental alloys. J Oral Rehabil. 2002 Oct;29(10):1014-9.
20. Ahuir-Torres JI, Arenas MA, Perrie W, Dearden G, De Damborenea J. Surface texturing of aluminium alloy AA2024-T3 by picosecond laser: Effect on wettability and corrosion properties. Surf. Coat. Technol.2017 Jul 15;321:279-91.
21. Bahari M, Alizadeh Oskoee P, Savadi Oskoee S, Pouralibaba F, Morsali Ahari A. Mercury release of amalgams with various silver contents after exposure to bleaching agent. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2016 Spring;10(2):118-23.
22. Kwon SR, Wertz PW. Review of the Mechanism of Tooth Whitening. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2015 Sep-Oct;27(5):240-57.
23. Kritzer P. Corrosion in high-temperature and supercritical water and aqueous solutions: a review. J Supercrit Fluids. 2004 Apr 1;29(1-2):1-29.
24. Marek M. Dissolution of mercury from dental amalgam at different pH values. J Dent Res. 1997 Jun;76(6):1308-15.
25. Ferracane J, Adey J, Wiltbank K, Nakajima H, Okabe T. Vaporization of Hg from Hg-in amalgams during setting and after abrasion. Dent Mater. 1999 May;15(3):191-5.
26. Gurgan S, Kiremitci A, Yalcin F, Alpaslan T, Yazici E. Effect of carbamide peroxide treatments on the metal-ion release and microstructure of different dental amalgams. Oper Dent. 2007 Sep-Oct;32(5):476-81.
27. Hanson M, Pleva J. The dental amalgam issue. A review. Experientia. 1991 Jan 15;47(1):9-22.
28. Marek M. Interactions between dental amalgams and the oral environment. Adv Dent Res. 1992 Sep;6:100-9.
29. Al-Salehi SK, Hatton PV, McLeod CW, Cox AG. The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on metal ion release from dental amalgam. J Dent. 2007 Feb;35(2):172-6.
2. Campos I, Briso AL, Pimenta LA, Ambrosano G. Effects of bleaching with carbamide peroxide gels on microhardness of restoration materials. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2003;15(3):175-82; discussion 183.
3. Rotstein I, Mor C, Arwaz JR. Changes in surface levels of mercury, silver, tin, and copper of dental amalgam treated with carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997 Apr;83(4):506-9.
4. Steinberg D, Blank O, Rotstein I. Influence of dental biofilm on release of mercury from amalgam exposed to carbamide peroxide. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2003 Oct 15;67(1):627-31.
5. Rotstein I, Dogan H, Avron Y, Shemesh H, Steinberg D. Mercury release from dental amalgam after treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000 Feb;89(2):216-9.
6. Rotstein I, Dogan H, Avron Y, Shemesh H, Mor C, Steinberg D. Protective effect of Copalite surface coating on mercury release from dental amalgam following treatment with carbamide peroxide. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000 Jun;16(3):107-10.
7. Kasraei S, Rezaei-Soufi L, Azarsina M. The effect of a 16% carbamide peroxide gel on mercury and silver ion release from admixed and spherical dental amalgams. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2010 Dec 1;11(6):E009-16.
8. Kasraei S, Asari M, Abd Alsamadi Hr, Mani KashaniKh, ArabzadehS. Evaluation of the effect of 16% carbamide peroxide gel (Nite White) on mercury release from Iranian and foreign spherical and admixed amalgams by cold vapor atomic absorption method . J Dent Med-TUMS. 2008;20 (4):268-75
9. Azarsina M, Kasraei Sh, Masoum T, Khamverdi Z. Effect of surface polishing on mercury release from dental amalgam after treatment 16% carbamide peroxide gel. J Dent (Tehran). 2011 Winter;8(1):33-8. Epub 2011 Mar 31.
10. Attin T, Hannig C, Wiegand A, Attin R. Effect of bleaching on restorative materials and restorations--a systematic review. Dent Mater. 2004 Nov;20(9):852-61.
11. Rotstein I, Avron Y, Shemesh H, Dogan H, Mor C, Steinberg D. Factors affecting mercury release from dental amalgam exposed to carbamide peroxide bleaching agent. Am J Dent. 2004 Oct;17(5):347-50.
12. Rodríguez-Martínez J, Valiente M, Sánchez-Martín MJ. Tooth whitening: From the established treatments to novel approaches to prevent side effects. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2019 Sep;31(5):431-40.
13. Oskoee PA, Kahnamoui MA, Oskoee SS, Zadfattah F, Pournaghi-Azar F. Effects of in-office and home bleaching gels on the surface mercury levels of dental amalgam. Eur J Dent. 2010 Jan;4(1):23-7.
14. Wongsamut W, Satrawaha S, Wayakanon K. Surface modification for bonding between amalgam and orthodontic brackets. J Orthod Sci. 2017 Oct-Dec;6(4):129-135.
15. Shen GX, Chen YC, Lin L, Lin CJ, Scantlebury D. Study on a hydrophobic nano-TiO2 coating and its properties for corrosion protection of metals. Electrochim Acta. 2005 Sep;50(25-26):5083-9.
16. Lyttle HA, Bowden GH. The level of mercury in human dental plaque and interaction in vitro between biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and dental amalgam. J Dent Res. 1993 Sep;72(9):1320-4.
17. Mahler DB, Adey JD, Simms LE, Marek M. Influence of liquid films on mercury vapor loss from dental amalgam. Dent Mater. 2002 Jul;18(5):407-12.
18. Steinberg D. Studying plaque biofilms on various dental surfaces. InHandbook of bacterial adhesion: principles, methods, and applications. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2000.
19. Canay S, Cehreli MC, Bilgiç S. In vitro evaluation of the effect of a current bleaching agent on the electrochemical corrosion of dental alloys. J Oral Rehabil. 2002 Oct;29(10):1014-9.
20. Ahuir-Torres JI, Arenas MA, Perrie W, Dearden G, De Damborenea J. Surface texturing of aluminium alloy AA2024-T3 by picosecond laser: Effect on wettability and corrosion properties. Surf. Coat. Technol.2017 Jul 15;321:279-91.
21. Bahari M, Alizadeh Oskoee P, Savadi Oskoee S, Pouralibaba F, Morsali Ahari A. Mercury release of amalgams with various silver contents after exposure to bleaching agent. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2016 Spring;10(2):118-23.
22. Kwon SR, Wertz PW. Review of the Mechanism of Tooth Whitening. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2015 Sep-Oct;27(5):240-57.
23. Kritzer P. Corrosion in high-temperature and supercritical water and aqueous solutions: a review. J Supercrit Fluids. 2004 Apr 1;29(1-2):1-29.
24. Marek M. Dissolution of mercury from dental amalgam at different pH values. J Dent Res. 1997 Jun;76(6):1308-15.
25. Ferracane J, Adey J, Wiltbank K, Nakajima H, Okabe T. Vaporization of Hg from Hg-in amalgams during setting and after abrasion. Dent Mater. 1999 May;15(3):191-5.
26. Gurgan S, Kiremitci A, Yalcin F, Alpaslan T, Yazici E. Effect of carbamide peroxide treatments on the metal-ion release and microstructure of different dental amalgams. Oper Dent. 2007 Sep-Oct;32(5):476-81.
27. Hanson M, Pleva J. The dental amalgam issue. A review. Experientia. 1991 Jan 15;47(1):9-22.
28. Marek M. Interactions between dental amalgams and the oral environment. Adv Dent Res. 1992 Sep;6:100-9.
29. Al-Salehi SK, Hatton PV, McLeod CW, Cox AG. The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on metal ion release from dental amalgam. J Dent. 2007 Feb;35(2):172-6.
| Issue | Vol 21 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v21i14.15392 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dental Amalgam Dentin Bonding Agents Dental Polishing Mercury Tooth Bleaching | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Feiz A, Jafari SJ, Ghasemi M. Effect of Polishing and Universal Bonding Application on Mercury Release from Aged Amalgam after Exposure to Bleaching Agents. Front Dent. 2024;21.
