Effect of Elastomeric Module Degradation and Ligation Methods on Kinetic Friction between NiTi or Stainless Steel Wires and Stainless Steel Brackets
Abstract
Objectives: The reduction of resistance to sliding between the archwire and bracket promotes more seamless tooth movement, leading to a faster and improved orthodontic treatment experience. This research aimed to examine how the degradation of elastomeric modules, different ligation methods, bracket-wire angle, and wire type (nickel titanium, NiTi or stainless-steel, SS) impact the kinetic friction resulting from the interaction between NiTi or SS archwires and SS brackets.
Materials and Methods: The current in vitro study was conducted on nine groups, including NiTi and SS archwires with three types of ligations (O-ring, figure of 8, and SS wire ligature) and two bracket-wire angles (0˚ and 10˚). The kinetic friction in each group was measured using a Universal Testing Machine at four time intervals: baseline, day one, week one, and week four. Repeated measures ANOVA, Mauchly test of sphericity followed by the Greenhouse-Geisser test, and relevant post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05).
Results: The authors found a decrease in kinetic friction in all types of ligations, which confirmed the effect of time on the degradation of ligation modules. The kinetic friction of figure of 8 ligations was higher than both O-ring and SS wire ligations. No difference was observed between O-ring and SS wire ligations. Furthermore, the bracket-wire angle did not affect friction.
Conclusion: The authors suggest that the use of figure of 8 ligations in NiTi and SS wires should be limited due to their high friction and replaced with other types of ligations, if possible.
1. Articolo LC, Kusy RP. Influence of angulation on the resistance to sliding in fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999 Jan;115(1):39-51.
2. Harry MR, Sims MR. Root resorption in bicuspid intrusion. A scanning electron microscope study. Angle Orthod. 1982 Jul;52(3):235-58.
3. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Friction between different wire-bracket configurations and materials. Semin Orthod. 1997 Sep;3(3):166-77.
4. Redlich M, Mayer Y, Harari D, Lewinstein I. In vitro study of frictional forces during sliding mechanics of “reduced-friction” brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Jul;124(1):69-73.
5. Doshi UH, Bhad-Patil WA. Static frictional force and surface roughness of various bracket and wire combinations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Jan;139(1):74-9.
6. Henao SP, Kusy RP. Frictional evaluations of dental typodont models using four self-ligating designs and a conventional design. Angle Orthod. 2005 Jan;75(1):75-85.
7. Ehsani S, Mandich MA, El-Bialy TH, Flores-Mir C. Frictional resistance in self-ligating orthodontic brackets and conventionally ligated brackets. A systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2009 May;79(3):592-601.
8. Shivapuja PK, Berger J. A comparative study of conventional ligation and self-ligation bracket systems. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994 Nov;106(5):472-80.
9. Stannard JG, Gau JM, Hanna MA. Comparative friction of orthodontic wires under dry and wet conditions. Am J Orthod. 1986 Jun;89(6):485-91.
10. Frank CA, Nikolai RJ. A comparative study of frictional resistances between orthodontic bracket and arch wire. Am J Orthod. 1980 Dec;78(6):593-609.
11. Drescher D, Bourauel C, Schumacher HA. Frictional forces between bracket and arch wire. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989 Nov;96(5):397-404.
12. Andreasen GF, Quevedo FR. Evaluation of friction forces in the 0.022 x 0.028 edgewise bracket in vitro. J Biomech. 1970 Mar;3(2):151-60.
13. Pratten DH, Popli K, Germane N, Gunsolley JC. Frictional resistance of ceramic and stainless steel orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990 Nov;98(5):398-403.
14. Cash A, Curtis R, Garrigia-Majo D, McDonald F. A comparative study of the static and kinetic frictional resistance of titanium molybdenum alloy archwires in stainless steel brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2004 Feb;26(1):105-11.
15. Dridi A, Bensalah W, Mezlini S, Tobji S, Zidi M. Influence of bio-lubricants on the orthodontic friction. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016 Jul;60:1-7.
16. Natt AS, Sekhon AK, Munjal S, Duggal R, Holla A, Gupta P, et al. A comparative evaluation of static frictional resistance using various methods of ligation at different time intervals: an in vitro study. Int J Dent. 2015;2015:407361.
17. Khambay B, Millett D, McHugh S. Archwire seating forces produced by different ligation methods and their effect on frictional resistance. Eur J Orthod. 2005 Jun;27(3):302-8.
18. Marques IS, Araújo AM, Gurgel JA, Normando D. Debris, roughness and friction of stainless steel archwires following clinical use. Angle Orthod. 2010 May;80(3):521-7.
19. Kamisetty SK, Nimagadda C, Begam MP, Nalamotu R, Srivastav T, Gs S. Elasticity in Elastics-An in-vitro study. J Int Oral Health. 2014 Apr;6(2):96-105.
20. Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE. Latex allergy: a model for therapy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008 Jun;38(6):898-912.
21. Chimenti C, Franchi L, Di Giuseppe MG, Lucci M. Friction of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with different dimensions. Angle Orthod. 2005 May;75(3):421-5.
22. De Genova DC, McInnes-Ledoux P, Weinberg R, Shaye R. Force degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chains--a product comparison study. Am J Orthod. 1985 May;87(5):377-84.
23. Ash JL, Nikolai RJ. Relaxation of orthodontic elastomeric chains and modules in vitro and in vivo. J Dent Res. 1978 May-Jun;57(5-6):685-90.
24. Kuster R, Ingervall B, Bürgin W. Laboratory and intra-oral tests of the degradation of elastic chains. Eur J Orthod. 1986 Aug;8(3):202-8.
25. Cobb NW 3rd, Kula KS, Phillips C, Proffit WR. Efficiency of multi-strand steel, superelastic Ni-Ti and ion-implanted Ni-Ti archwires for initial alignment. Clin Orthod Res. 1998 Aug;1(1):12-9.
26. Edwards GD, Davies EH, Jones SP. The ex vivo effect of ligation technique on the static frictional resistance of stainless steel brackets and archwires. Br J Orthod. 1995 May;22(2):145-53.
27. Khambay B, Millett D, McHugh S. Evaluation of methods of archwire ligation on frictional resistance. Eur J Orthod. 2004 Jun;26(3):327-32.
28. Jang TH, Kim SC, Cho JH, Chae JM, Chang NY, Kang KH. The comparison of the frictional force by the type and angle of orthodontic bracket and the coated or non-coated feature of archwire. Korean J orthod. 2011 Dec 1;41(6):399-410.
29. Samorodnitzky-Naveh GR, Redlich M, Rapoport L, Feldman Y, Tenne R. Inorganic fullerene-like tungsten disulfide nanocoating for friction reduction of nickel-titanium alloys. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2009 Dec;4(8):943-50.
30. Savoldi F, Papoutsi A, Dianiskova S, Dalessandri D, Bonetti S, Tsoi JKH.et al. Resistance to sliding in orthodontics: misconception or method error? A systematic review and a proposal of a test protocol. Korean J Orthod. 2018 Jul;48 (4):268-280.
31. Christersson CE, Lindh L, Arnebrant T. Film-forming properties and viscosities of saliva substitutes and human whole saliva. Eur J Oral Sci. 2000 Oct;108(5):418-25.
32. Tselepis M, Brockhurst P, West VC. The dynamic frictional resistance between orthodontic brackets and arch wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994 Aug;106(2):131-8.
33. Edwards IR, Spary DJ, Rock WP. The effect upon friction of the degradation of orthodontic elastomeric modules. Eur J Orthod. 2012 Oct;34(5):618-24.
34. Dowling PA, Jones WB, Lagerstrom L, Sandham JA. An investigation into the behavioural characteristics of orthodontic elastomeric modules. Br J Orthod. 1998 Aug;25(3):197-202.
35. Bortoly TG, Guerrero AP, Rached RN, Tanaka O, Guariza-Filho O, Rosa EA. Sliding resistance with esthetic ligatures: an in-vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008 Mar;133(3):340.e1-7.
36. Voudouris JC. Interactive edgewise mechanisms: form and function comparison with conventional edgewise brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 Feb;111(2):119-40.
37. Bazakidou E, Nanda RS, Duncanson MG Jr, Sinha P. Evaluation of frictional resistance in esthetic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 Aug;112(2):138-44.
38. Peterson L, Spencer R, Andreasen G. A comparison of friction resistance for Nitinol and stainless steel wire in edgewise brackets. Quintessence Int Dent Dig. 1982 May;13(5):563-71.
39. Kapila S, Angolkar PV, Duncanson MG Jr, Nanda RS. Evaluation of friction between edgewise stainless steel brackets and orthodontic wires of four alloys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990 Aug;98(2):117-26.
2. Harry MR, Sims MR. Root resorption in bicuspid intrusion. A scanning electron microscope study. Angle Orthod. 1982 Jul;52(3):235-58.
3. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Friction between different wire-bracket configurations and materials. Semin Orthod. 1997 Sep;3(3):166-77.
4. Redlich M, Mayer Y, Harari D, Lewinstein I. In vitro study of frictional forces during sliding mechanics of “reduced-friction” brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Jul;124(1):69-73.
5. Doshi UH, Bhad-Patil WA. Static frictional force and surface roughness of various bracket and wire combinations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Jan;139(1):74-9.
6. Henao SP, Kusy RP. Frictional evaluations of dental typodont models using four self-ligating designs and a conventional design. Angle Orthod. 2005 Jan;75(1):75-85.
7. Ehsani S, Mandich MA, El-Bialy TH, Flores-Mir C. Frictional resistance in self-ligating orthodontic brackets and conventionally ligated brackets. A systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2009 May;79(3):592-601.
8. Shivapuja PK, Berger J. A comparative study of conventional ligation and self-ligation bracket systems. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994 Nov;106(5):472-80.
9. Stannard JG, Gau JM, Hanna MA. Comparative friction of orthodontic wires under dry and wet conditions. Am J Orthod. 1986 Jun;89(6):485-91.
10. Frank CA, Nikolai RJ. A comparative study of frictional resistances between orthodontic bracket and arch wire. Am J Orthod. 1980 Dec;78(6):593-609.
11. Drescher D, Bourauel C, Schumacher HA. Frictional forces between bracket and arch wire. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989 Nov;96(5):397-404.
12. Andreasen GF, Quevedo FR. Evaluation of friction forces in the 0.022 x 0.028 edgewise bracket in vitro. J Biomech. 1970 Mar;3(2):151-60.
13. Pratten DH, Popli K, Germane N, Gunsolley JC. Frictional resistance of ceramic and stainless steel orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990 Nov;98(5):398-403.
14. Cash A, Curtis R, Garrigia-Majo D, McDonald F. A comparative study of the static and kinetic frictional resistance of titanium molybdenum alloy archwires in stainless steel brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2004 Feb;26(1):105-11.
15. Dridi A, Bensalah W, Mezlini S, Tobji S, Zidi M. Influence of bio-lubricants on the orthodontic friction. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016 Jul;60:1-7.
16. Natt AS, Sekhon AK, Munjal S, Duggal R, Holla A, Gupta P, et al. A comparative evaluation of static frictional resistance using various methods of ligation at different time intervals: an in vitro study. Int J Dent. 2015;2015:407361.
17. Khambay B, Millett D, McHugh S. Archwire seating forces produced by different ligation methods and their effect on frictional resistance. Eur J Orthod. 2005 Jun;27(3):302-8.
18. Marques IS, Araújo AM, Gurgel JA, Normando D. Debris, roughness and friction of stainless steel archwires following clinical use. Angle Orthod. 2010 May;80(3):521-7.
19. Kamisetty SK, Nimagadda C, Begam MP, Nalamotu R, Srivastav T, Gs S. Elasticity in Elastics-An in-vitro study. J Int Oral Health. 2014 Apr;6(2):96-105.
20. Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE. Latex allergy: a model for therapy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008 Jun;38(6):898-912.
21. Chimenti C, Franchi L, Di Giuseppe MG, Lucci M. Friction of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with different dimensions. Angle Orthod. 2005 May;75(3):421-5.
22. De Genova DC, McInnes-Ledoux P, Weinberg R, Shaye R. Force degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chains--a product comparison study. Am J Orthod. 1985 May;87(5):377-84.
23. Ash JL, Nikolai RJ. Relaxation of orthodontic elastomeric chains and modules in vitro and in vivo. J Dent Res. 1978 May-Jun;57(5-6):685-90.
24. Kuster R, Ingervall B, Bürgin W. Laboratory and intra-oral tests of the degradation of elastic chains. Eur J Orthod. 1986 Aug;8(3):202-8.
25. Cobb NW 3rd, Kula KS, Phillips C, Proffit WR. Efficiency of multi-strand steel, superelastic Ni-Ti and ion-implanted Ni-Ti archwires for initial alignment. Clin Orthod Res. 1998 Aug;1(1):12-9.
26. Edwards GD, Davies EH, Jones SP. The ex vivo effect of ligation technique on the static frictional resistance of stainless steel brackets and archwires. Br J Orthod. 1995 May;22(2):145-53.
27. Khambay B, Millett D, McHugh S. Evaluation of methods of archwire ligation on frictional resistance. Eur J Orthod. 2004 Jun;26(3):327-32.
28. Jang TH, Kim SC, Cho JH, Chae JM, Chang NY, Kang KH. The comparison of the frictional force by the type and angle of orthodontic bracket and the coated or non-coated feature of archwire. Korean J orthod. 2011 Dec 1;41(6):399-410.
29. Samorodnitzky-Naveh GR, Redlich M, Rapoport L, Feldman Y, Tenne R. Inorganic fullerene-like tungsten disulfide nanocoating for friction reduction of nickel-titanium alloys. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2009 Dec;4(8):943-50.
30. Savoldi F, Papoutsi A, Dianiskova S, Dalessandri D, Bonetti S, Tsoi JKH.et al. Resistance to sliding in orthodontics: misconception or method error? A systematic review and a proposal of a test protocol. Korean J Orthod. 2018 Jul;48 (4):268-280.
31. Christersson CE, Lindh L, Arnebrant T. Film-forming properties and viscosities of saliva substitutes and human whole saliva. Eur J Oral Sci. 2000 Oct;108(5):418-25.
32. Tselepis M, Brockhurst P, West VC. The dynamic frictional resistance between orthodontic brackets and arch wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994 Aug;106(2):131-8.
33. Edwards IR, Spary DJ, Rock WP. The effect upon friction of the degradation of orthodontic elastomeric modules. Eur J Orthod. 2012 Oct;34(5):618-24.
34. Dowling PA, Jones WB, Lagerstrom L, Sandham JA. An investigation into the behavioural characteristics of orthodontic elastomeric modules. Br J Orthod. 1998 Aug;25(3):197-202.
35. Bortoly TG, Guerrero AP, Rached RN, Tanaka O, Guariza-Filho O, Rosa EA. Sliding resistance with esthetic ligatures: an in-vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008 Mar;133(3):340.e1-7.
36. Voudouris JC. Interactive edgewise mechanisms: form and function comparison with conventional edgewise brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 Feb;111(2):119-40.
37. Bazakidou E, Nanda RS, Duncanson MG Jr, Sinha P. Evaluation of frictional resistance in esthetic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 Aug;112(2):138-44.
38. Peterson L, Spencer R, Andreasen G. A comparison of friction resistance for Nitinol and stainless steel wire in edgewise brackets. Quintessence Int Dent Dig. 1982 May;13(5):563-71.
39. Kapila S, Angolkar PV, Duncanson MG Jr, Nanda RS. Evaluation of friction between edgewise stainless steel brackets and orthodontic wires of four alloys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990 Aug;98(2):117-26.
| Issue | Vol 21 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v21i10.15222 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Orthodontic Wires; Orthodontic Friction; Orthodontic Brackets | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Ebrahimi P, Nastarin P, Hadilou M, Karimzadeh B, Kachoei M. Effect of Elastomeric Module Degradation and Ligation Methods on Kinetic Friction between NiTi or Stainless Steel Wires and Stainless Steel Brackets. Front Dent. 2024;21.
