Radiofrequency-Induced Heating of Amalgam Restorations and Dental Implants During 1.5T Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate radiofrequency-induced heating of different amalgam restorations and dental implants during 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Materials and Methods: Standardized class I cavities (5 mm long, 3 mm wide, and 3 mm deep) were prepared on the occlusal surface of 45 extracted human third molars. The samples were restored by three different types of amalgam including Cinalux amalgam (non-gamma-2, spherical), GS-80 (non-gamma-2, admix), and GK-110 amalgam (non-gamma-2, admix in silver). As a separate intervention group (G4), five titanium mini drive-lock implants with 2mm diameter and 10mm length were also selected and mounted to the base of the Eppendorf tube with 3mm of the implants extending above the mounting putty. The box containing the specimens was placed parallel to the long axis of the standard head and neck coil of the MRI device (64MHz radio-frequency energy with 25kW amplifier, 1.5T). Temperature fluctuations of the metallic materials in each group were monitored during MRI scans using a calibrated thermometer. One-way ANOVA was used to compare temperature changes among the amalgam groups (P<0.05).
Results: Temperature elevations ranged from 0.21°C to 0.70°C in amalgam restorations and from 0.35 to 0.47°C in dental implants. The temperature changes among the three amalgam agents were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: According to our findings, the radiofrequency-induced heating of amalgam restorations and dental implants during MRI examination can be considered within acceptable ranges. Therefore, amalgam restorations and dental implants can be categorized as "MR safe" in terms of radiofrequency-induced heating during 1.5 T MRI.
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2. Reda R, Zanza A, Mazzoni A, Cicconetti A, Testarelli L, Di Nardo D. An update of the possible applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in dentistry: a literature review. Journal of imaging. 2021 Apr 21;7(5):75.
3. Tymofiyeva O, Vaegler S, Rottner K, Boldt J, Hopfgartner AJ, Proff PC, et al. Influence of dental materials on dental MRI. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42(6):20120271.
4. Shellock FG, Woods TO, Crues JV 3rd. MR labeling information for implants and devices: explanation of terminology. Radiology. 2009 Oct;253(1):26-30.
5. Muranaka H, Horiguchi T, Ueda Y, Tanki N. Evaluation of RF heating due to various implants during MR procedures. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2011;10(1):11-9.
6. Ayyıldız S, Kamburoğlu K, Sipahi C, Murat S, Görgülü S, Pişkin B. Radiofrequency heating and magnetic field interactions of fixed partial dentures during 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013 Nov;116(5):640-7.
7. Nordbeck P, Fidler F, Weiss I, Warmuth M, Friedrich MT, Ehses P, Geistert W, Ritter O, Jakob PM, Ladd ME, Quick HH, Bauer WR. Spatial distribution of RF-induced E-fields and implant heating in MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2008 Aug;60(2):312-9.
8. Marincas C, Mada M, Rotaru H, Carpenter A, Ciupa R. The thermal effect of radio frequency waves near dental implants during MRI examination at 3 tesla. Acta Electrotehnica. 2013 Jan 1;54(1):66-71.
9. Miyata K, Hasegawa M, Abe Y, Tabuchi T, Namiki T, Ishigami T. Radiofrequency heating and magnetically induced displacement of dental magnetic attachments during 3.0 T MRI. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2012 Dec;41(8):668-74.
10. Hasegawa M, Miyata K, Abe Y, Ishigami T. Radiofrequency heating of metallic dental devices during 3.0 T MRI. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42(5):20120234.
11. Görgülü S, Ayyildiz S, Kamburoglu K, Gökçe S, Ozen T. Effect of orthodontic brackets and different wires on radiofrequency heating and magnetic field interactions during 3-T MRI. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2014;43(2):20130356.
12. Regier M, Kemper J, Kaul MG, Feddersen M, Adam G, Kahl-Nieke B, et al. Radiofrequency-induced heating near fixed orthodontic appliances in high field MRI systems at 3.0 Tesla. J Orofac Orthop. 2009 Nov;70(6):485-94. English, German.
13. Mortazavi SM, Motamedifar M, Namdari G, Taheri M, Mortazavi AR, Shokrpour N. Non-linear adaptive phenomena which decrease the risk of infection after pre-exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Dose Response. 2013 Jul 18;12(2):233-45.
14. Mortazavi SM, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Iran J Public Health. 2013 Apr 1;42(4):428-35.
15. Movahedi MM, Golpaygani AT, Safari A, Amani S. Effects of short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by 3G and 4G mobile phones on reaction time and short-term memory. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2019;16(3):250-4. 16. Mortazavi SM, Erfani N, Mozdarani H, Azmoonfar R, Shokrpour N. Induction of apoptosis by 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from a GSM mobile phone simulator in bystander Jurkat cells.
16. Mortazavi, S. M. J., SHIRAZI MA MOSLEH, A. R. Tavassoli, M. Taheri, Z. Bagheri, R. Ghalandari, S. Bonyadi, M. Shafie, and M. Haghani. A comparative study on the increased radioresistance to lethal doses of gamma rays after exposure to microwave radiation and oral intake of flaxseed oil Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 2011; 9(1): 9-14
17. Mortavazi S, Habib A, Ganj-Karami A, Samimi-Doost R, Pour-Abedi A, Babaie A. Alterations in TSH and Thyroid Hormones following Mobile Phone Use. Oman Med J. 2009 Oct;24(4):274-8.
18. Mortazavi SM, Daiee E, Yazdi A, Khiabani K, Kavousi A, Vazirinejad R, et al. Mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after magnetic resonance imaging and following mobile phone use. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008 Apr 15;11(8):1142-6.
29. Baliatsas C, Bolte J, Yzermans J, Kelfkens G, Hooiveld M, Lebret E, van Kamp I. Actual and perceived exposure to electromagnetic fields and non-specific physical symptoms: an epidemiological study based on self-reported data and electronic medical records. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2015 May 1;218(3):331-44.
20. Mortazavi SM, Motamedifar M, Namdari G, Taheri M, Mortazavi AR. Counterbalancing immunosuppression-induced infections during long-term stay of humans in space. J Med Hypotheses and Ideas. 2013 Jan 1;7(1):8-10.
21. Mortazavi SM. Safety issues of mobile
phone base stations. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2013 Mar 1;3(1):1–2.
22. Mahmoudi R, Mortazavi S, Safari S, Nikseresht M, Mozdarani H, Jafari M, et al. Effects of microwave electromagnetic radiations emitted from common Wi-Fi routers on rats’ sperm count and motility. Int J Radiat Res. 2015;13:363–8.
23. Paknahad M, Mortazavi SM, Shahidi S, Mortazavi G, Haghani M. Effect of radiofrequency radiation from Wi-Fi devices on mercury release from amalgam restorations. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2016 Jul 13;14:12.
24. Parsanezhad ME, Mortazavi SM, Doohandeh T, Jahromi BN, Mozdarani H, Zarei A, Davari M, Amjadi S, Soleimani A, Haghani M. Exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone jammers adversely affects the quality of human sperm. Int J Radiat Res. 2017;15(1):63.
25. Mortazavi S, Parsanezhad M, Kazempour M, Ghahramani P, Mortazavi A, Davari M. Male reproductive health under threat: Short term exposure to radiofrequency radiations emitted by common mobile jammers. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2013 Apr;6(2):124-8.
26. Mortazavi SM, Tavassoli A, Ranjbari F, Moammaiee P. Effects of laptop computers' electromagnetic field on sperm quality. J Reprod Infertil. 2010 Dec 1;11(4):251–8.
27. Mortazavi SM, Vazife-Doost S, Yaghooti M, Mehdizadeh S, Rajaie-Far A. Occupational exposure of dentists to electromagnetic fields produced by magnetostrictive cavitrons alters the serum cortisol level. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2012 Jan;3(1):60-4.
28. Mortazavi SM, Neghab M, Anoosheh SM, Bahaeddini N, Mortazavi G, Neghab P, et al. High-field MRI and mercury release from dental amalgam fillings. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2014 Apr;5(2):101-5.
29. Haghnegahdar A, Khosrovpanah H, Andisheh-Tadbir A, Mortazavi G, Saeedi Moghadam M, Mortazavi S, et al. Design and fabrication of helmholtz coils to study the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the healing process in periodontitis: preliminary animal results. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2014 Sep 1;4(3):83-90.
30. Paknahad M, Shahidi S, Mortazavi SMJ, Mortazavi G, Moghadam MS, Nazhvani AD. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on microleakage of amalgam restorations: an in vitro study. Shiraz E-Med J. 2016;17(2):e32329.
31. Louopou RC, Trottier H, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD. Dental amalgams and risk of gestational hypertension in the MIREC study. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2020 Jul;21:84-89.
32. Rahat S, Kashetsky N, Bagit A, Sachdeva M, Lytvyn Y, Mufti A, Maibach HI, Yeung J. Can we separate oral lichen planus from allergic contact dermatitis and should we patch test? A systematic review of chronic oral lichenoid lesions. Dermatitis. 2021 Jun 1;32(3):144-50.
33. Ishida Y, Aoki H, Miyasaka T, Aoyagi Y, Miura D, Shinya A. Effects of Removal Conditions on Mercury Amount Remaining in the Oral Cavity and inside Drainage System after Removing Dental Amalgams. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Dec 13;18(24):13135.
34. Zigar D, Hederić Ž, Sokolović D, Marković V, Dunjić M, Cvetanović S, Vučković L. Modelling and Simulation of Electromagnetic Radiation Effects of Mobile Phones on Teeth with an Amalgam Filling. Tehnički vjesnik. 2020 Dec 19;27(6):1754-60.
35. Oriso K, Kobayashi T, Sasaki M, Uwano I, Kihara H, Kondo H. Impact of the Static and Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields Produced by a 7T MR Imager on Metallic Dental Materials. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2016;15(1):26-33.
36. Knopp MV, Essig M, Debus J, Zabel HJ, van Kaick G. Unusual burns of the lower extremities caused by a closed conducting loop in a patient at MR imaging. Radiology. 1996 Aug;200(2):572-5.
37. Ottl P, Lauer HC. Temperature response in the pulpal chamber during ultrahigh-speed tooth preparation with diamond burs of different grit. J Prosthet Dent. 1998 Jul;80(1):12-9.
38. Eriksson AR, Albrektsson T. Temperature threshold levels for heat-induced bone tissue injury: a vital-microscopic study in the rabbit. J Prosthet Dent. 1983 Jul;50(1):101-7.
2. Reda R, Zanza A, Mazzoni A, Cicconetti A, Testarelli L, Di Nardo D. An update of the possible applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in dentistry: a literature review. Journal of imaging. 2021 Apr 21;7(5):75.
3. Tymofiyeva O, Vaegler S, Rottner K, Boldt J, Hopfgartner AJ, Proff PC, et al. Influence of dental materials on dental MRI. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42(6):20120271.
4. Shellock FG, Woods TO, Crues JV 3rd. MR labeling information for implants and devices: explanation of terminology. Radiology. 2009 Oct;253(1):26-30.
5. Muranaka H, Horiguchi T, Ueda Y, Tanki N. Evaluation of RF heating due to various implants during MR procedures. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2011;10(1):11-9.
6. Ayyıldız S, Kamburoğlu K, Sipahi C, Murat S, Görgülü S, Pişkin B. Radiofrequency heating and magnetic field interactions of fixed partial dentures during 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013 Nov;116(5):640-7.
7. Nordbeck P, Fidler F, Weiss I, Warmuth M, Friedrich MT, Ehses P, Geistert W, Ritter O, Jakob PM, Ladd ME, Quick HH, Bauer WR. Spatial distribution of RF-induced E-fields and implant heating in MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2008 Aug;60(2):312-9.
8. Marincas C, Mada M, Rotaru H, Carpenter A, Ciupa R. The thermal effect of radio frequency waves near dental implants during MRI examination at 3 tesla. Acta Electrotehnica. 2013 Jan 1;54(1):66-71.
9. Miyata K, Hasegawa M, Abe Y, Tabuchi T, Namiki T, Ishigami T. Radiofrequency heating and magnetically induced displacement of dental magnetic attachments during 3.0 T MRI. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2012 Dec;41(8):668-74.
10. Hasegawa M, Miyata K, Abe Y, Ishigami T. Radiofrequency heating of metallic dental devices during 3.0 T MRI. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42(5):20120234.
11. Görgülü S, Ayyildiz S, Kamburoglu K, Gökçe S, Ozen T. Effect of orthodontic brackets and different wires on radiofrequency heating and magnetic field interactions during 3-T MRI. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2014;43(2):20130356.
12. Regier M, Kemper J, Kaul MG, Feddersen M, Adam G, Kahl-Nieke B, et al. Radiofrequency-induced heating near fixed orthodontic appliances in high field MRI systems at 3.0 Tesla. J Orofac Orthop. 2009 Nov;70(6):485-94. English, German.
13. Mortazavi SM, Motamedifar M, Namdari G, Taheri M, Mortazavi AR, Shokrpour N. Non-linear adaptive phenomena which decrease the risk of infection after pre-exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Dose Response. 2013 Jul 18;12(2):233-45.
14. Mortazavi SM, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Iran J Public Health. 2013 Apr 1;42(4):428-35.
15. Movahedi MM, Golpaygani AT, Safari A, Amani S. Effects of short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by 3G and 4G mobile phones on reaction time and short-term memory. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2019;16(3):250-4. 16. Mortazavi SM, Erfani N, Mozdarani H, Azmoonfar R, Shokrpour N. Induction of apoptosis by 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from a GSM mobile phone simulator in bystander Jurkat cells.
16. Mortazavi, S. M. J., SHIRAZI MA MOSLEH, A. R. Tavassoli, M. Taheri, Z. Bagheri, R. Ghalandari, S. Bonyadi, M. Shafie, and M. Haghani. A comparative study on the increased radioresistance to lethal doses of gamma rays after exposure to microwave radiation and oral intake of flaxseed oil Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 2011; 9(1): 9-14
17. Mortavazi S, Habib A, Ganj-Karami A, Samimi-Doost R, Pour-Abedi A, Babaie A. Alterations in TSH and Thyroid Hormones following Mobile Phone Use. Oman Med J. 2009 Oct;24(4):274-8.
18. Mortazavi SM, Daiee E, Yazdi A, Khiabani K, Kavousi A, Vazirinejad R, et al. Mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after magnetic resonance imaging and following mobile phone use. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008 Apr 15;11(8):1142-6.
29. Baliatsas C, Bolte J, Yzermans J, Kelfkens G, Hooiveld M, Lebret E, van Kamp I. Actual and perceived exposure to electromagnetic fields and non-specific physical symptoms: an epidemiological study based on self-reported data and electronic medical records. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2015 May 1;218(3):331-44.
20. Mortazavi SM, Motamedifar M, Namdari G, Taheri M, Mortazavi AR. Counterbalancing immunosuppression-induced infections during long-term stay of humans in space. J Med Hypotheses and Ideas. 2013 Jan 1;7(1):8-10.
21. Mortazavi SM. Safety issues of mobile
phone base stations. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2013 Mar 1;3(1):1–2.
22. Mahmoudi R, Mortazavi S, Safari S, Nikseresht M, Mozdarani H, Jafari M, et al. Effects of microwave electromagnetic radiations emitted from common Wi-Fi routers on rats’ sperm count and motility. Int J Radiat Res. 2015;13:363–8.
23. Paknahad M, Mortazavi SM, Shahidi S, Mortazavi G, Haghani M. Effect of radiofrequency radiation from Wi-Fi devices on mercury release from amalgam restorations. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2016 Jul 13;14:12.
24. Parsanezhad ME, Mortazavi SM, Doohandeh T, Jahromi BN, Mozdarani H, Zarei A, Davari M, Amjadi S, Soleimani A, Haghani M. Exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone jammers adversely affects the quality of human sperm. Int J Radiat Res. 2017;15(1):63.
25. Mortazavi S, Parsanezhad M, Kazempour M, Ghahramani P, Mortazavi A, Davari M. Male reproductive health under threat: Short term exposure to radiofrequency radiations emitted by common mobile jammers. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2013 Apr;6(2):124-8.
26. Mortazavi SM, Tavassoli A, Ranjbari F, Moammaiee P. Effects of laptop computers' electromagnetic field on sperm quality. J Reprod Infertil. 2010 Dec 1;11(4):251–8.
27. Mortazavi SM, Vazife-Doost S, Yaghooti M, Mehdizadeh S, Rajaie-Far A. Occupational exposure of dentists to electromagnetic fields produced by magnetostrictive cavitrons alters the serum cortisol level. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2012 Jan;3(1):60-4.
28. Mortazavi SM, Neghab M, Anoosheh SM, Bahaeddini N, Mortazavi G, Neghab P, et al. High-field MRI and mercury release from dental amalgam fillings. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2014 Apr;5(2):101-5.
29. Haghnegahdar A, Khosrovpanah H, Andisheh-Tadbir A, Mortazavi G, Saeedi Moghadam M, Mortazavi S, et al. Design and fabrication of helmholtz coils to study the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the healing process in periodontitis: preliminary animal results. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2014 Sep 1;4(3):83-90.
30. Paknahad M, Shahidi S, Mortazavi SMJ, Mortazavi G, Moghadam MS, Nazhvani AD. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on microleakage of amalgam restorations: an in vitro study. Shiraz E-Med J. 2016;17(2):e32329.
31. Louopou RC, Trottier H, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD. Dental amalgams and risk of gestational hypertension in the MIREC study. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2020 Jul;21:84-89.
32. Rahat S, Kashetsky N, Bagit A, Sachdeva M, Lytvyn Y, Mufti A, Maibach HI, Yeung J. Can we separate oral lichen planus from allergic contact dermatitis and should we patch test? A systematic review of chronic oral lichenoid lesions. Dermatitis. 2021 Jun 1;32(3):144-50.
33. Ishida Y, Aoki H, Miyasaka T, Aoyagi Y, Miura D, Shinya A. Effects of Removal Conditions on Mercury Amount Remaining in the Oral Cavity and inside Drainage System after Removing Dental Amalgams. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Dec 13;18(24):13135.
34. Zigar D, Hederić Ž, Sokolović D, Marković V, Dunjić M, Cvetanović S, Vučković L. Modelling and Simulation of Electromagnetic Radiation Effects of Mobile Phones on Teeth with an Amalgam Filling. Tehnički vjesnik. 2020 Dec 19;27(6):1754-60.
35. Oriso K, Kobayashi T, Sasaki M, Uwano I, Kihara H, Kondo H. Impact of the Static and Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields Produced by a 7T MR Imager on Metallic Dental Materials. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2016;15(1):26-33.
36. Knopp MV, Essig M, Debus J, Zabel HJ, van Kaick G. Unusual burns of the lower extremities caused by a closed conducting loop in a patient at MR imaging. Radiology. 1996 Aug;200(2):572-5.
37. Ottl P, Lauer HC. Temperature response in the pulpal chamber during ultrahigh-speed tooth preparation with diamond burs of different grit. J Prosthet Dent. 1998 Jul;80(1):12-9.
38. Eriksson AR, Albrektsson T. Temperature threshold levels for heat-induced bone tissue injury: a vital-microscopic study in the rabbit. J Prosthet Dent. 1983 Jul;50(1):101-7.
| Issue | Vol 21 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v21i15.15393 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dental Amalgam Dental Implants Magnetic Resonance Imaging | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Paknahad M, Khaleghi I, Mortazavi SMJ. Radiofrequency-Induced Heating of Amalgam Restorations and Dental Implants During 1.5T Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Dent. 2024;21.
