Corrosion Resistance and Cytotoxicity of Copper-Based and Nickel-Chromium Alloys for Cast Post and Core Fabrication
Abstract
Objectives: This study assessed the corrosion resistance and cytotoxicity of two copper-based alloys and one nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloy used for post and core fabrication.
Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the corrosion resistance of 9 specimens of dental casting alloys including one Ni-Cr-based (VeraBond) and two copper-based (American Dent-All and Aalbadent NPG) alloys (n=3) was assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in artificial saliva in two different pH levels of 2.5 and 7.1. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay using 15 specimens (n=5). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA (alpha=0.05).
Results: EIS showed that the Ni-Cr alloy had the highest corrosion resistance. Aalbadent NPG and American Dent-All alloys showed significantly lower corrosion resistance than the Ni-Cr alloy (P<0.05). Aalbadent NPG showed higher corrosion resistance than American Dent-All in early hours, but its corrosion resistance decreased over time and became similar to that of American Dent-All at later time points. Although all groups showed higher corrosion in acidic environment, Ni-Cr showed good corrosion resistance in acidic pH. The cytotoxicity test revealed a significant difference between the copper-based groups (P<0.05). Ni-Cr was the most biocompatible alloy amongst all, followed by Aalbadent NPG. American Dent-All showed a high degree of cytotoxicity.
Conclusion: The findings of this study raised some concerns regarding the clinical suitability of copper-based alloys for dental treatments, and the first choice for cast post and core restorations should be Ni-Cr alloys because they are more resistant to corrosion, and are less cytotoxic.
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5. Maroulakos G, He J, Nagy WW. The post-endodontic adhesive interface: Theoretical perspectives and potential flaws. J Endod. 2018 Mar;44(3):363-71.
6. Bonchev A, Radeva E, Tsvetanova N. Fiber reinforced composite posts-a review of literature. Int J Sci Res. 2017 Oct;6:1887-93.
7. McGinley EL, Moran GP, Fleming GJ. Biocompatibility effects of indirect exposure of base-metal dental casting alloys to a human-derived three-dimensional oral mucosal model. J Dent. 2013 Nov;41(11):1091-100.
8. Qian C, Wu X, Zhang F, Yu W. Electrochemical impedance investigation of ni-free co-cr-mo and co-cr-mo-ni dental casting alloy for partial removable dental prosthesis frameworks. J Prosthet Dent. 2016 Jul;116(1):112-8.
9. Khaledi AA, Sheykhian S, Khodaei A. Evaluation of retention of two different cast post-core systems and fracture resistance of the restored teeth. J Dent (Shiraz). 2015 Jun;16(2):121-8.
10. Ozturk C, Polat S, Tuncdemir M, Gonuldas F, Seker E. Evaluation of the fracture resistance of root filled thin walled teeth restored with different post systems. Biomed J. 2019 Feb;42(1):53-8.
11. Elshahawy W, Watanabe I. Biocompatibility of dental alloys used in dental fixed prosthodontics. 2014 Aug;11(2):150-9.
12. Wataha JC, Drury JL, Chung WO. Nickel alloys in the oral environment. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2013 Jul;10(4):519-39.
13. Khiavi HA, Habibzadeh S, Safaeian S, Eftekhar M. Fracture strength of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors restored with nickel chromium and nonprecious gold alloy casting post and cores. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018 May;19(5):560-7.
14. Gholami F, Kohani P, Aalaei S. Effect of nickel-chromium and non-precious gold color alloy cast posts on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. Iran Endod J . 2017 Summer;12(3):303-6.
15. Dave Crume K. The gold alternative. Fairfield (ca): Aalbadent inc.; 2011. [cited 2013 jan 1]. Available from: Http://aalbadent.Com/products/crown-bridge-alloys-fmc/npg. 2011.
16. Hayashi M, Takahashi Y, Imazato S, Ebisu S. Fracture resistance of pulpless teeth restored with post-cores and crowns. Dent Mater. 2006 May;22(5):477-85.
17. Nodehi D, Moraditalab A, Shafiee S, Sekandari S, Ahrari F. Fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars reconstructed by traditional casting and cad-cam milling post and cores. Int J Dent. 2022;2022 (1):6736303.
18. Ansarifard E, Farzin M, Zohour Parlack A, Taghva M, Zare R. Comparing castability of nickel-chromium, cobalt-chromium, and non-precious gold color alloys, using two different casting techniques. J Dent (Shiraz). 2022 Mar;23(1):7-12.
19. Mallineni SK, Nuvvula S, Matinlinna JP, Yiu CK, King NM. Biocompatibility of various dental materials in contemporary dentistry: A narrative insight. J Investig Clin Dent. 2013 Feb;4(1):9-19.
20. Sharma M, Ramesh Kumar AV, Singh N, Adya N, Saluja B. Electrochemical corrosion behavior of dental/implant alloys in artificial saliva. J Mater Eng Perform. 2008 Oct;17:695-701.
21. Wang S, Zhang J, Gharbi O, Vivier V, Gao M, Orazem ME. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. at Rev Methods Primers. 2021 Jun;1(1):1-41.
22. Meerloo JV, Kaspers GJ, Cloos J. Cell sensitivity assays: The mtt assay. Cancer cell culture: Springer; 2011. p. 237-45.
23. Ramírez-Ledesma AL, Roncagliolo P, Álvarez-Pérez MA, Lopez HF, Juárez-Islas JA. Corrosion assessment of an implantable dental co-cr alloy in artificial saliva and biocompatibility behavior. J Mater Eng Perform. 2020 Mar;29(3):1657-70.
24. Turdean GL, Craciun A, Popa D, Constantiniuc M. Study of electrochemical corrosion of biocompatible co–cr and ni–cr dental alloys in artificial saliva. Influence of ph of the solution. Mater Chem Phys. 2019 May;233:390-8.
25. International Standard Organization– ISO. Iso 10993-12: 2012 biological evaluation of medical devices—part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials. International Standard Organization Geneva; 2012.
26. Mareci D, Sutiman D, Cretescu I, Cailean A, Rosca JC. Electrochemical characterization of some copper based dental materials in accelerated test solutions. Revista de Chimie. 2008 Aug;59(8):871-7.
27. Ardlin BI, Lindholm-Sethson B, Dahl JE. Corrosion of dental nickel-aluminum bronze with a minor gold content-mechanism and biological impact. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2009 Feb;88(2):465-73.
28. Rao SB, Chowdhary R. Evaluation on the corrosion of the three Ni-Cr alloys with different composition. Int J Dent. 2011;2011:397029.
29. Ciucci F. Modeling electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Curr Opin Electrochem. 2019 Feb;13:132-9.
30. Xu J, Deng Y, Chen J. Enhancing the corrosion resistance of al–cu–li alloys through regulating precipitation. 2020 Jun;13(11):2628.
31. Meerloo JV, Kaspers GJL, Cloos J. Cell sensitivity assays: The mtt assay. Cancer cell culture: Springer; 2011. p. 237-45.
32. Moslehifard E, Moslehifard M, Ghasemzadeh S, Nasirpouri F. Corrosion behavior of a nickel-base dental casting alloy in artificial saliva studied by weight loss and polarization techniques. Front Dent. 2019 Jan;16(1):13-20.
33. Tuna SH, Pekmez NO, Keyf F, Canli F. The influence of the pure metal components of four different casting alloys on the electrochemical properties of the alloys. Dent Mater. 2009 Sep;25(9):1096-103.
34. Porcayo-Calderon J, Casales-Diaz M, Salinas-Bravo VM, Martinez-Gomez L. Corrosion performance of fe-cr-ni alloys in artificial saliva and mouthwash solution. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2015;2015(1):930802.
35. Rittapai A, Urapepon S, Kajornchaiyakul J, Harniratisai C. Properties of experimental copper-aluminium-nickel alloys for dental post-and-core applications. J Adv Prosthodont. 2014 Jun;6(3):215-23.
36. Arrieta-Gonzalez CD, Rodriguez-Diaz RA, Mayen J, Retes-Mantilla RF, Torres-Mancera MT, Oros-Méndez LA, Cruz-Mejía H, Flores-Garcia NS, Porcayo-Calderon J. Electrochemical performance of Fe40Al-X (X= Cr, Ti, Co, Ni) alloys exposed to artificial saliva. Materials. 2020 Mar;13(5):1095.
37. Fateh A, Aliofkhazraei M, Rezvanian AR. Review of corrosive environments for copper and its corrosion inhibitors. Arab J Chem. 2020 Jan;13(1):481-544.
38. Elshahawy WM, Watanabe I, Kramer P. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of elemental ions released from different prosthodontic materials. Dent Mater. 2009 Dec;25(12):1551-5.
39. Liu R, Tang Y, Zeng L, Zhao Y, Ma Z, Sun Z, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies of anti-bacterial copper-bearing titanium alloy for dental application. Dent Mater. 2018 Aug;34(8):1112-26.
40. Al-Hiyasat AS, Darmani H. The effects of recasting on the cytotoxicity of base metal alloys. J Prosthet Dent. 2005 Feb;93(2):158-63.
2. Martino N, Truong C, Clark AE, O'Neill E, Hsu SM, Neal D, et al. Retrospective analysis of survival rates of post-and-cores in a dental school setting. J Prosthet Dent. 2020 Mar;123(3):434-41.
3. Li X, Kang T, Zhan D, Xie J, Guo L. Biomechanical behavior of endocrowns vs fiber post-core-crown vs cast post-core-crown for the restoration of maxillary central incisors with 1 mm and 2 mm ferrule height: A 3D static linear finite element analysis. Medicine. 2020 Oct;99(43):e22648.
4. Ausiello P, Ciaramella S, Martorelli M, Lanzotti A, Zarone F, Watts DC, et al. Mechanical behavior of endodontically restored canine teeth: Effects of ferrule, post material and shape. Dent Mater. 2017 Dec;33(12):1466-72.
5. Maroulakos G, He J, Nagy WW. The post-endodontic adhesive interface: Theoretical perspectives and potential flaws. J Endod. 2018 Mar;44(3):363-71.
6. Bonchev A, Radeva E, Tsvetanova N. Fiber reinforced composite posts-a review of literature. Int J Sci Res. 2017 Oct;6:1887-93.
7. McGinley EL, Moran GP, Fleming GJ. Biocompatibility effects of indirect exposure of base-metal dental casting alloys to a human-derived three-dimensional oral mucosal model. J Dent. 2013 Nov;41(11):1091-100.
8. Qian C, Wu X, Zhang F, Yu W. Electrochemical impedance investigation of ni-free co-cr-mo and co-cr-mo-ni dental casting alloy for partial removable dental prosthesis frameworks. J Prosthet Dent. 2016 Jul;116(1):112-8.
9. Khaledi AA, Sheykhian S, Khodaei A. Evaluation of retention of two different cast post-core systems and fracture resistance of the restored teeth. J Dent (Shiraz). 2015 Jun;16(2):121-8.
10. Ozturk C, Polat S, Tuncdemir M, Gonuldas F, Seker E. Evaluation of the fracture resistance of root filled thin walled teeth restored with different post systems. Biomed J. 2019 Feb;42(1):53-8.
11. Elshahawy W, Watanabe I. Biocompatibility of dental alloys used in dental fixed prosthodontics. 2014 Aug;11(2):150-9.
12. Wataha JC, Drury JL, Chung WO. Nickel alloys in the oral environment. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2013 Jul;10(4):519-39.
13. Khiavi HA, Habibzadeh S, Safaeian S, Eftekhar M. Fracture strength of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors restored with nickel chromium and nonprecious gold alloy casting post and cores. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018 May;19(5):560-7.
14. Gholami F, Kohani P, Aalaei S. Effect of nickel-chromium and non-precious gold color alloy cast posts on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. Iran Endod J . 2017 Summer;12(3):303-6.
15. Dave Crume K. The gold alternative. Fairfield (ca): Aalbadent inc.; 2011. [cited 2013 jan 1]. Available from: Http://aalbadent.Com/products/crown-bridge-alloys-fmc/npg. 2011.
16. Hayashi M, Takahashi Y, Imazato S, Ebisu S. Fracture resistance of pulpless teeth restored with post-cores and crowns. Dent Mater. 2006 May;22(5):477-85.
17. Nodehi D, Moraditalab A, Shafiee S, Sekandari S, Ahrari F. Fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars reconstructed by traditional casting and cad-cam milling post and cores. Int J Dent. 2022;2022 (1):6736303.
18. Ansarifard E, Farzin M, Zohour Parlack A, Taghva M, Zare R. Comparing castability of nickel-chromium, cobalt-chromium, and non-precious gold color alloys, using two different casting techniques. J Dent (Shiraz). 2022 Mar;23(1):7-12.
19. Mallineni SK, Nuvvula S, Matinlinna JP, Yiu CK, King NM. Biocompatibility of various dental materials in contemporary dentistry: A narrative insight. J Investig Clin Dent. 2013 Feb;4(1):9-19.
20. Sharma M, Ramesh Kumar AV, Singh N, Adya N, Saluja B. Electrochemical corrosion behavior of dental/implant alloys in artificial saliva. J Mater Eng Perform. 2008 Oct;17:695-701.
21. Wang S, Zhang J, Gharbi O, Vivier V, Gao M, Orazem ME. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. at Rev Methods Primers. 2021 Jun;1(1):1-41.
22. Meerloo JV, Kaspers GJ, Cloos J. Cell sensitivity assays: The mtt assay. Cancer cell culture: Springer; 2011. p. 237-45.
23. Ramírez-Ledesma AL, Roncagliolo P, Álvarez-Pérez MA, Lopez HF, Juárez-Islas JA. Corrosion assessment of an implantable dental co-cr alloy in artificial saliva and biocompatibility behavior. J Mater Eng Perform. 2020 Mar;29(3):1657-70.
24. Turdean GL, Craciun A, Popa D, Constantiniuc M. Study of electrochemical corrosion of biocompatible co–cr and ni–cr dental alloys in artificial saliva. Influence of ph of the solution. Mater Chem Phys. 2019 May;233:390-8.
25. International Standard Organization– ISO. Iso 10993-12: 2012 biological evaluation of medical devices—part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials. International Standard Organization Geneva; 2012.
26. Mareci D, Sutiman D, Cretescu I, Cailean A, Rosca JC. Electrochemical characterization of some copper based dental materials in accelerated test solutions. Revista de Chimie. 2008 Aug;59(8):871-7.
27. Ardlin BI, Lindholm-Sethson B, Dahl JE. Corrosion of dental nickel-aluminum bronze with a minor gold content-mechanism and biological impact. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2009 Feb;88(2):465-73.
28. Rao SB, Chowdhary R. Evaluation on the corrosion of the three Ni-Cr alloys with different composition. Int J Dent. 2011;2011:397029.
29. Ciucci F. Modeling electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Curr Opin Electrochem. 2019 Feb;13:132-9.
30. Xu J, Deng Y, Chen J. Enhancing the corrosion resistance of al–cu–li alloys through regulating precipitation. 2020 Jun;13(11):2628.
31. Meerloo JV, Kaspers GJL, Cloos J. Cell sensitivity assays: The mtt assay. Cancer cell culture: Springer; 2011. p. 237-45.
32. Moslehifard E, Moslehifard M, Ghasemzadeh S, Nasirpouri F. Corrosion behavior of a nickel-base dental casting alloy in artificial saliva studied by weight loss and polarization techniques. Front Dent. 2019 Jan;16(1):13-20.
33. Tuna SH, Pekmez NO, Keyf F, Canli F. The influence of the pure metal components of four different casting alloys on the electrochemical properties of the alloys. Dent Mater. 2009 Sep;25(9):1096-103.
34. Porcayo-Calderon J, Casales-Diaz M, Salinas-Bravo VM, Martinez-Gomez L. Corrosion performance of fe-cr-ni alloys in artificial saliva and mouthwash solution. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2015;2015(1):930802.
35. Rittapai A, Urapepon S, Kajornchaiyakul J, Harniratisai C. Properties of experimental copper-aluminium-nickel alloys for dental post-and-core applications. J Adv Prosthodont. 2014 Jun;6(3):215-23.
36. Arrieta-Gonzalez CD, Rodriguez-Diaz RA, Mayen J, Retes-Mantilla RF, Torres-Mancera MT, Oros-Méndez LA, Cruz-Mejía H, Flores-Garcia NS, Porcayo-Calderon J. Electrochemical performance of Fe40Al-X (X= Cr, Ti, Co, Ni) alloys exposed to artificial saliva. Materials. 2020 Mar;13(5):1095.
37. Fateh A, Aliofkhazraei M, Rezvanian AR. Review of corrosive environments for copper and its corrosion inhibitors. Arab J Chem. 2020 Jan;13(1):481-544.
38. Elshahawy WM, Watanabe I, Kramer P. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of elemental ions released from different prosthodontic materials. Dent Mater. 2009 Dec;25(12):1551-5.
39. Liu R, Tang Y, Zeng L, Zhao Y, Ma Z, Sun Z, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies of anti-bacterial copper-bearing titanium alloy for dental application. Dent Mater. 2018 Aug;34(8):1112-26.
40. Al-Hiyasat AS, Darmani H. The effects of recasting on the cytotoxicity of base metal alloys. J Prosthet Dent. 2005 Feb;93(2):158-63.
| Issue | Vol 22 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v22i26.19203 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Corrosion Cytotoxicity Tests Dental Alloys Dielectric Spectroscopy Materials Testing | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mohaghegh M, Kazemi M, Bidaki M, Farzin M. Corrosion Resistance and Cytotoxicity of Copper-Based and Nickel-Chromium Alloys for Cast Post and Core Fabrication. Front Dent. 2025;22.
