The Effect of Human Blood and Platelet-rich Fibrin on the Surface Microhardness of Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-based Cements
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Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effect of human blood and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on the surface microhardness of hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (OrthoMTA and RetroMTA).
Materials and Methods: Two types of mineral trioxide aggregate, OrthoMTA and RetroMTA, were mixed and placed into cylindrical molds. The lower surfaces of all cements were exposed to saline. The upper surfaces of cements were exposed to human blood, PRF, or phosphate buffer saline (PBS). After storage for 7 days in fully saturated humidity at 37°C, the microhardness of cement surface exposed to blood, PRF, or PBS was measured using the Vickers microhardness test. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tamhane’s T2 test. The significance level was set at P<0.05.
Results: Exposure to blood and PRF significantly decreased the surface microhardness of OrthoMTA and RetroMTA. The microhardness of PBS-contacted cements was significantly higher than that of blood or PRF groups (P<0.001). The microhardness values for OrthoMTA exposed to PRF were significantly higher than the blood group (P=0.020). There were no significant differences between RetroMTA contacted with blood or PRF groups (P=0.985). When exposed to blood or PBS, RetroMTA had a significantly higher microhardness than OrthoMTA (P<0.001 for blood, P=0.002 for PBS).
Conclusion: Exposure to blood or PRF decreased the surface microhardness of both cements. Blood-contaminated RetroMTA showed significantly higher surface microhardness than OrthoMTA contacted with blood. No significant difference was found between PRF-contacted OrthoMTA and RetroMTA
1. Nosrat A, Homayounfar N, Oloomi K. Drawbacks and unfavorable outcomes of regenerative endodontic treatments of necrotic immature teeth: a literature review and report of a case. J Endod. 2012 Oct;38(10):1428-34.
2. Galler KM. Clinical procedures for revitalization: current knowledge and considerations. Int Endod J. 2016 Oct;49(10):926-36.
3. Hargreaves KM, Diogenes A, Teixeira FB. Treatment options: biological basis of regenerative endodontic procedures. J Endod. 2013 Mar;39(3 Suppl):S30-43.
4. Nosrat A, Seifi A, Asgary S. Regenerative endodontic treatment (revascularization) for necrotic immature permanent molars: a review and report of two cases with a new biomaterial. J Endod. 2011 Apr;37(4):562-7.
5. Galler KM, Krastl G, Simon S, Van Gorp G, Meschi N, Vahedi B, Lambrechts P. European Society of Endodontology position statement: Revitalization procedures. Int Endod J. 2016 Aug;49(8):717-23.
6. Lee BN, Moon JW, Chang HS, Hwang IN, Oh WM, Hwang YC. A review of the regenerative endodontic treatment procedure. Restor Dent Endod. 2015 Aug;40(3):179-87.
7. Huang FM, Yang SF, Zhao JH, Chang YC. Platelet-rich fibrin increases proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod. 2010 Oct;36(10):1628-32.
8. Bi J, Liu Y, Liu XM, Lei S, Chen X. Platelet-rich Fibrin Improves the Osteo-/Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla via the Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. J Endod. 2020 May;46(5):648-654.
9. Rizk HM, Salah Al-Deen MS, Emam AA. Pulp Revascularization/Revitalization of Bilateral Upper Necrotic Immature Permanent Central Incisors with Blood Clot vs Platelet-rich Fibrin Scaffolds-A Split-mouth Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Jul-Aug;13(4):337-343.
10. Meschi N, EzEldeen M, Garcia AET, Lahoud P, Van Gorp G, Coucke W, Jacobs R, Vandamme K, Teughels W, Lambrechts P. Regenerative Endodontic Procedure of Immature Permanent Teeth with Leukocyte and Platelet-rich Fibrin: A Multicenter Controlled Clinical Trial. J Endod. 2021 Nov;47(11):1729-1750.
11. Shokouhinejad N. Endodontics in the era of hydraulic calcium silicate cements: a special notice to tooth discolouration following regenerative endodontic treatment. Endo EPT. 2020 ;14(3):187-95.
12. Felman D, Parashos P. Coronal tooth discoloration and white mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 2013 Apr;39(4):484-7.
13. Shokouhinejad N, Nekoofar MH, Pirmoazen S, Shamshiri AR, Dummer PM. Evaluation and Comparison of Occurrence of Tooth Discoloration after the Application of Various Calcium Silicate-based Cements: An Ex Vivo Study. J Endod. 2016 Jan;42(1):140-4.
14. Kang SH, Shin YS, Lee HS, Kim SO, Shin Y, Jung IY, Song JS. Color changes of teeth after treatment with various mineral trioxide aggregate-based materials: an ex vivo study. J Endod. 2015 May;41(5):737-41.
15. Marconyak LJ Jr, Kirkpatrick TC, Roberts HW, Roberts MD, Aparicio A, Himel VT, Sabey KA. A Comparison of Coronal Tooth Discoloration Elicited by Various Endodontic Reparative Materials. J Endod. 2016 Mar;42(3):470-3.
16. Chang SW, Baek SH, Yang HC, Seo DG, Hong ST, Han SH, Lee Y, Gu Y, Kwon HB, Lee W, Bae KS, Kum KY. Heavy metal analysis of ortho MTA and ProRoot MTA. J Endod. 2011 Dec;37(12):1673-6.
17. Kum KY, Zhu Q, Safavi K, Gu Y, Bae KS, Chang SW. Analysis of six heavy metals in Ortho mineral trioxide aggregate and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Aust Endod J. 2013 Dec;39(3):126-30.
18. Camilleri J. Color stability of white mineral trioxide aggregate in contact with hypochlorite solution. J Endod. 2014 Mar;40(3):436-40.
19. Marciano MA, Costa RM, Camilleri J, Mondelli RF, Guimarães BM, Duarte MA. Assessment of color stability of white mineral trioxide aggregate angelus and bismuth oxide in contact with tooth structure. J Endod. 2014 Aug;40(8):1235-40.
20. Vallés M, Mercadé M, Duran-Sindreu F, Bourdelande JL, Roig M. Influence of light and oxygen on the color stability of five calcium silicate-based materials. J Endod. 2013 Apr;39(4):525-8.
21. Li Q, Deacon AD, Coleman NJ. The impact of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on the hydration chemistry and biocompatibility of white Portland cement. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(5):808-15.
22. Kang CM, Sun Y, Song JS, Pang NS, Roh BD, Lee CY, Shin Y. A randomized controlled trial of various MTA materials for partial pulpotomy in permanent teeth. J Dent. 2017 May;60:8-13.
23. Kang CM, Kim SH, Shin Y, Lee HS, Lee JH, Kim GT, Song JS. A randomized controlled trial of ProRoot MTA, OrthoMTA and RetroMTA for pulpotomy in primary molars. Oral Dis. 2015 Sep;21(6):785-91
24. Nekoofar MH, Stone DF, Dummer PM. The effect of blood contamination on the compressive strength and surface microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate. Int Endod J. 2010 Sep;43(9):782-91.
25. Song M, Yue W, Kim S, Kim W, Kim Y, Kim JW, Kim E. The effect of human blood on the setting and surface micro-hardness of calcium silicate cements. Clin Oral Investig. 2016 Nov;20(8):1997-2005.
26. Alipour M, Faraji Gavgani L, Ghasemi N. Push-out bond strength of the calcium silicate-based endodontic cements in the presence of blood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022 Apr;8(2):571-582.
27. Akcay H, Arslan H, Akcay M, Mese M, Sahin NN. Evaluation of the bond strength of root-end placed mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine in the absence/presence of blood contamination. Eur J Dent. 2016 Jul-Sep;10(3):370-375.
28. Chen SJ, Karabucak B, Steffen JJ, Yu YH, Kohli MR. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Coronal Tooth Discoloration Induced by Tricalcium Silicate Cements in the Presence of Blood. J Endod. 2020 Dec;46(12):1913-1919.
29. Lee YL, Lee BS, Lin FH, Yun Lin A, Lan WH, Lin CP. Effects of physiological environments on the hydration behavior of mineral trioxide aggregate. Biomaterials. 2004 Feb;25(5):787-93.
30. Parirokh M, Torabinejad M. Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review--Part I: chemical, physical, and antibacterial properties. J Endod. 2010 Jan;36(1):16-27.
31. Shokouhinejad N, Nekoofar MH, Razmi H, Sajadi S, Davies TE, Saghiri MA, Gorjestani H, Dummer PM. Bioactivity of EndoSequence root repair material and bioaggregate. Int Endod J. 2012 Dec;45(12):1127-34.
32. Vanderweele RA, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ. Effect of blood contamination on retention characteristics of MTA when mixed with different liquids. J Endod. 2006 May;32(5):421-4.
33. Nekoofar MH, Oloomi K, Sheykhrezae MS, Tabor R, Stone DF, Dummer PM. An evaluation of the effect of blood and human serum on the surface microhardness and surface microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate. Int Endod J. 2010 Oct;43(10):849-58.
34. Tingey MC, Bush P, Levine MS. Analysis of mineral trioxide aggregate surface when set in the presence of fetal bovine serum. J Endod. 2008 Jan;34(1):45-9.
35. Kim Y, Kim S, Shin YS, Jung IY, Lee SJ. Failure of setting of mineral trioxide aggregate in the presence of fetal bovine serum and its prevention. J Endod. 2012 Apr;38(4):536-40.
36. Gandolfi MG, Iacono F, Agee K, Siboni F, Tay F, Pashley DH, Prati C. Setting time and expansion in different soaking media of experimental accelerated calcium-silicate cements and ProRoot MTA. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Dec;108(6):e39-45.
37. Walsh RM, Woodmansey KF, Glickman GN, He J. Evaluation of compressive strength of hydraulic silicate-based root-end filling materials. J Endod. 2014 Jul;40(7):969-72.
2. Galler KM. Clinical procedures for revitalization: current knowledge and considerations. Int Endod J. 2016 Oct;49(10):926-36.
3. Hargreaves KM, Diogenes A, Teixeira FB. Treatment options: biological basis of regenerative endodontic procedures. J Endod. 2013 Mar;39(3 Suppl):S30-43.
4. Nosrat A, Seifi A, Asgary S. Regenerative endodontic treatment (revascularization) for necrotic immature permanent molars: a review and report of two cases with a new biomaterial. J Endod. 2011 Apr;37(4):562-7.
5. Galler KM, Krastl G, Simon S, Van Gorp G, Meschi N, Vahedi B, Lambrechts P. European Society of Endodontology position statement: Revitalization procedures. Int Endod J. 2016 Aug;49(8):717-23.
6. Lee BN, Moon JW, Chang HS, Hwang IN, Oh WM, Hwang YC. A review of the regenerative endodontic treatment procedure. Restor Dent Endod. 2015 Aug;40(3):179-87.
7. Huang FM, Yang SF, Zhao JH, Chang YC. Platelet-rich fibrin increases proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod. 2010 Oct;36(10):1628-32.
8. Bi J, Liu Y, Liu XM, Lei S, Chen X. Platelet-rich Fibrin Improves the Osteo-/Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla via the Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. J Endod. 2020 May;46(5):648-654.
9. Rizk HM, Salah Al-Deen MS, Emam AA. Pulp Revascularization/Revitalization of Bilateral Upper Necrotic Immature Permanent Central Incisors with Blood Clot vs Platelet-rich Fibrin Scaffolds-A Split-mouth Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020 Jul-Aug;13(4):337-343.
10. Meschi N, EzEldeen M, Garcia AET, Lahoud P, Van Gorp G, Coucke W, Jacobs R, Vandamme K, Teughels W, Lambrechts P. Regenerative Endodontic Procedure of Immature Permanent Teeth with Leukocyte and Platelet-rich Fibrin: A Multicenter Controlled Clinical Trial. J Endod. 2021 Nov;47(11):1729-1750.
11. Shokouhinejad N. Endodontics in the era of hydraulic calcium silicate cements: a special notice to tooth discolouration following regenerative endodontic treatment. Endo EPT. 2020 ;14(3):187-95.
12. Felman D, Parashos P. Coronal tooth discoloration and white mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 2013 Apr;39(4):484-7.
13. Shokouhinejad N, Nekoofar MH, Pirmoazen S, Shamshiri AR, Dummer PM. Evaluation and Comparison of Occurrence of Tooth Discoloration after the Application of Various Calcium Silicate-based Cements: An Ex Vivo Study. J Endod. 2016 Jan;42(1):140-4.
14. Kang SH, Shin YS, Lee HS, Kim SO, Shin Y, Jung IY, Song JS. Color changes of teeth after treatment with various mineral trioxide aggregate-based materials: an ex vivo study. J Endod. 2015 May;41(5):737-41.
15. Marconyak LJ Jr, Kirkpatrick TC, Roberts HW, Roberts MD, Aparicio A, Himel VT, Sabey KA. A Comparison of Coronal Tooth Discoloration Elicited by Various Endodontic Reparative Materials. J Endod. 2016 Mar;42(3):470-3.
16. Chang SW, Baek SH, Yang HC, Seo DG, Hong ST, Han SH, Lee Y, Gu Y, Kwon HB, Lee W, Bae KS, Kum KY. Heavy metal analysis of ortho MTA and ProRoot MTA. J Endod. 2011 Dec;37(12):1673-6.
17. Kum KY, Zhu Q, Safavi K, Gu Y, Bae KS, Chang SW. Analysis of six heavy metals in Ortho mineral trioxide aggregate and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Aust Endod J. 2013 Dec;39(3):126-30.
18. Camilleri J. Color stability of white mineral trioxide aggregate in contact with hypochlorite solution. J Endod. 2014 Mar;40(3):436-40.
19. Marciano MA, Costa RM, Camilleri J, Mondelli RF, Guimarães BM, Duarte MA. Assessment of color stability of white mineral trioxide aggregate angelus and bismuth oxide in contact with tooth structure. J Endod. 2014 Aug;40(8):1235-40.
20. Vallés M, Mercadé M, Duran-Sindreu F, Bourdelande JL, Roig M. Influence of light and oxygen on the color stability of five calcium silicate-based materials. J Endod. 2013 Apr;39(4):525-8.
21. Li Q, Deacon AD, Coleman NJ. The impact of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on the hydration chemistry and biocompatibility of white Portland cement. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(5):808-15.
22. Kang CM, Sun Y, Song JS, Pang NS, Roh BD, Lee CY, Shin Y. A randomized controlled trial of various MTA materials for partial pulpotomy in permanent teeth. J Dent. 2017 May;60:8-13.
23. Kang CM, Kim SH, Shin Y, Lee HS, Lee JH, Kim GT, Song JS. A randomized controlled trial of ProRoot MTA, OrthoMTA and RetroMTA for pulpotomy in primary molars. Oral Dis. 2015 Sep;21(6):785-91
24. Nekoofar MH, Stone DF, Dummer PM. The effect of blood contamination on the compressive strength and surface microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate. Int Endod J. 2010 Sep;43(9):782-91.
25. Song M, Yue W, Kim S, Kim W, Kim Y, Kim JW, Kim E. The effect of human blood on the setting and surface micro-hardness of calcium silicate cements. Clin Oral Investig. 2016 Nov;20(8):1997-2005.
26. Alipour M, Faraji Gavgani L, Ghasemi N. Push-out bond strength of the calcium silicate-based endodontic cements in the presence of blood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022 Apr;8(2):571-582.
27. Akcay H, Arslan H, Akcay M, Mese M, Sahin NN. Evaluation of the bond strength of root-end placed mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine in the absence/presence of blood contamination. Eur J Dent. 2016 Jul-Sep;10(3):370-375.
28. Chen SJ, Karabucak B, Steffen JJ, Yu YH, Kohli MR. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Coronal Tooth Discoloration Induced by Tricalcium Silicate Cements in the Presence of Blood. J Endod. 2020 Dec;46(12):1913-1919.
29. Lee YL, Lee BS, Lin FH, Yun Lin A, Lan WH, Lin CP. Effects of physiological environments on the hydration behavior of mineral trioxide aggregate. Biomaterials. 2004 Feb;25(5):787-93.
30. Parirokh M, Torabinejad M. Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review--Part I: chemical, physical, and antibacterial properties. J Endod. 2010 Jan;36(1):16-27.
31. Shokouhinejad N, Nekoofar MH, Razmi H, Sajadi S, Davies TE, Saghiri MA, Gorjestani H, Dummer PM. Bioactivity of EndoSequence root repair material and bioaggregate. Int Endod J. 2012 Dec;45(12):1127-34.
32. Vanderweele RA, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ. Effect of blood contamination on retention characteristics of MTA when mixed with different liquids. J Endod. 2006 May;32(5):421-4.
33. Nekoofar MH, Oloomi K, Sheykhrezae MS, Tabor R, Stone DF, Dummer PM. An evaluation of the effect of blood and human serum on the surface microhardness and surface microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate. Int Endod J. 2010 Oct;43(10):849-58.
34. Tingey MC, Bush P, Levine MS. Analysis of mineral trioxide aggregate surface when set in the presence of fetal bovine serum. J Endod. 2008 Jan;34(1):45-9.
35. Kim Y, Kim S, Shin YS, Jung IY, Lee SJ. Failure of setting of mineral trioxide aggregate in the presence of fetal bovine serum and its prevention. J Endod. 2012 Apr;38(4):536-40.
36. Gandolfi MG, Iacono F, Agee K, Siboni F, Tay F, Pashley DH, Prati C. Setting time and expansion in different soaking media of experimental accelerated calcium-silicate cements and ProRoot MTA. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Dec;108(6):e39-45.
37. Walsh RM, Woodmansey KF, Glickman GN, He J. Evaluation of compressive strength of hydraulic silicate-based root-end filling materials. J Endod. 2014 Jul;40(7):969-72.
| Issue | Vol 21 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v21i41.16847 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Blood Hardness Mineral trioxide aggregate Platelet-rich fibrin | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Shokouhinejad N, Hosseini P, Razmi H. The Effect of Human Blood and Platelet-rich Fibrin on the Surface Microhardness of Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-based Cements. Front Dent. 2024;21.
