Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of the Incisive Foramen: A Retrospective Study on Dry Human Skulls
-
Beatriz Quevedo
,
Beatriz Sobrinho Sangalette
,
Ivna Albano Lopes
,
João Vitor Tadashi Cosin Shindo
,
Jesus Carlos Andreo
,
Cássia Maria Fischer Rubira
,
Izabel Regina Fischer Rubira-Bullen
,
Gustavo Lopes Toledo
,
André Luis Shinohara
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the incisive foramen and incisive canal in dry human skulls.
Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 150 dry adult skulls, with no distinction regarding sex or ethnicity. The analysis included the number of incisive canals within the foramen, their dimensions (area and diameter), and their anatomical connections with the incisive fossa and the nasal cavity.
Results: All incisive canals were found to communicate with the nasal cavity. The most frequently observed configuration was foramina containing two or more canals.
Conclusion: Precise anatomical knowledge about the incisive canal and its foramen is essential for clinical procedures involving the anterior maxilla. Morphological variations in this region may affect surgical access, technique selection, and procedural outcomes.
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8. Sobrinho Sangalette B, Pavoni RF, da Silva Emídio T, Levatti T, Capelari M, Pastori CM, et al. Treatment of Complex Mandibular Body Fractures and Functional Reimplantation of the Maxillary Alveolar Fragment. Case Rep Surg. 2020 Sep 26;2020:8853562.
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11. Al-Amery SM, Nambiar P, Jamaludin M, John J, Ngeow WC. Cone beam computed tomography assessment of the maxillary incisive canal and foramen: considerations of anatomical variations when placing immediate implants. PLoS One. 2015 Feb 13;10(2):e0117251.
12. Mardinger O, Namani-Sadan N, Chaushu G, Schwartz-Arad D. Morphologic changes of the nasopalatine canal related to dental implantation: a radiologic study in different degrees of absorbed maxillae. J Periodontol. 2008 Sep;79(9):1659-62.
13. Fernández-Alonso A, Suárez-Quintanilla JA, Muinelo-Lorenzo J, Bornstein MM, Blanco-Carrión A, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. Three-dimensional study of nasopalatine canal morphology: a descriptive retrospective analysis using cone-beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2014 Nov;36(9):895-905.
14. Friedrich RE, Laumann F, Zrnc T, Assaf AT. The Nasopalatine Canal in Adults on Cone Beam Computed Tomograms-A Clinical Study and Review of the Literature. In Vivo. 2015 Jul-Aug;29(4):467-86.
15. Song WC, Jo DI, Lee JY, Kim JN, Hur MS, Hu KS, et al. Microanatomy of the incisive canal using three-dimensional reconstruction of microCT images: an ex vivo study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Oct;108(4):583-90.
16. Mraiwa N, Jacobs R, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Sanderink G, Schutyser F, Suetens P, et al. The nasopalatine canal revisited using 2D and 3D CT imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2004 Nov;33(6):396-402.
17. Lake S, Iwanaga J, Kikuta S, Oskouian RJ, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. The Incisive Canal: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus. 2018 Jul 30;10(7):e3069.
2. Rizzolo R. J. C; Madeira C.M. Anatomia Facial com fundamentos de anatomia geral. 3rd ed. São Paulo: Sarvier, 2009, p.19.
3. Panjnoush M, Norouzi H, Kheirandish Y, Shamshiri AR, Mofidi N. Evaluation of Morphology and Anatomical Measurement of Nasopalatine Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Dent (Tehran). 2016 Aug;13(4):287-294.
4. Nasseh I, Aoun G, Sokhn S. Assessment of the Nasopalatine Canal: an Anatomical Study. Acta Inform Med. 2017 Mar;25(1):34-38.
5. Radlanski RJ, Emmerich S, Renz H. Prenatal morphogenesis of the human incisive canal. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2004 Jul;208(4):265-71.
6. Vieira EH, Gabrielli MA, Rêgo RD, Ramos RQ. Fixaçäo interna rígida em fratura alvéolo-dentária na maxila. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 1998:471-3.
7. Agha RA, Borrelli MR, Farwana R, Koshy K, Fowler AJ, Orgill DP; SCARE Group. The SCARE 2018 statement: Updating consensus Surgical CAse REport (SCARE) guidelines. Int J Surg. 2018 Dec;60:132-136.
8. Sobrinho Sangalette B, Pavoni RF, da Silva Emídio T, Levatti T, Capelari M, Pastori CM, et al. Treatment of Complex Mandibular Body Fractures and Functional Reimplantation of the Maxillary Alveolar Fragment. Case Rep Surg. 2020 Sep 26;2020:8853562.
9. Urban I, Jovanovic SA, Buser D, Bornstein MM. Partial lateralization of the nasopalatine nerve at the incisive foramen for ridge augmentation in the anterior maxilla prior to placement of dental implants: a retrospective case series evaluating self-reported data and neurosensory testing. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2015 Mar-Apr;35(2):169-77.
10. Bornstein MM, Balsiger R, Sendi P, von Arx T. Morphology of the nasopalatine canal and dental implant surgery: a radiographic analysis of 100 consecutive patients using limited cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Mar;22(3):295-301.
11. Al-Amery SM, Nambiar P, Jamaludin M, John J, Ngeow WC. Cone beam computed tomography assessment of the maxillary incisive canal and foramen: considerations of anatomical variations when placing immediate implants. PLoS One. 2015 Feb 13;10(2):e0117251.
12. Mardinger O, Namani-Sadan N, Chaushu G, Schwartz-Arad D. Morphologic changes of the nasopalatine canal related to dental implantation: a radiologic study in different degrees of absorbed maxillae. J Periodontol. 2008 Sep;79(9):1659-62.
13. Fernández-Alonso A, Suárez-Quintanilla JA, Muinelo-Lorenzo J, Bornstein MM, Blanco-Carrión A, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. Three-dimensional study of nasopalatine canal morphology: a descriptive retrospective analysis using cone-beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2014 Nov;36(9):895-905.
14. Friedrich RE, Laumann F, Zrnc T, Assaf AT. The Nasopalatine Canal in Adults on Cone Beam Computed Tomograms-A Clinical Study and Review of the Literature. In Vivo. 2015 Jul-Aug;29(4):467-86.
15. Song WC, Jo DI, Lee JY, Kim JN, Hur MS, Hu KS, et al. Microanatomy of the incisive canal using three-dimensional reconstruction of microCT images: an ex vivo study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Oct;108(4):583-90.
16. Mraiwa N, Jacobs R, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Sanderink G, Schutyser F, Suetens P, et al. The nasopalatine canal revisited using 2D and 3D CT imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2004 Nov;33(6):396-402.
17. Lake S, Iwanaga J, Kikuta S, Oskouian RJ, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. The Incisive Canal: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus. 2018 Jul 30;10(7):e3069.
| Issue | Vol 23 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anatomy Anesthesia Dental Local | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Quevedo B, Sangalette B, Albano Lopes I, Tadashi Cosin Shindo JV, Andreo JC, Fischer Rubira CM, Rubira-Bullen IRF, Lopes Toledo G, Shinohara AL. Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of the Incisive Foramen: A Retrospective Study on Dry Human Skulls. Front Dent. 2026;23.
