Caries Experience and Severity among Students with Disabilities in Sokoto, Nigeria
,
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the caries experience and severity among students with disabilities in Sokoto, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on elementary and high-school students with special needs attending Abdulrasheed Adisa Raji Special School in Sokoto State, Nigeria, who were selected by a systematic random sampling method. The students were between 6 to 28 years, and had hearing, visual, intellectual, or physical disabilities. Data regarding their sociodemographic characteristics were collected using a questionnaire, and their dental caries experience was determined by using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis with a statistical significance set at 0.05.
Results: Sixty-nine females (29.2%) and 167 males (70.8%), totaling 236 students, with disabilities participated in this study. The mean DMFT score was 0.72±1.32. Children between 6-12 years had the highest caries experience (mean DMFT=0.92±1.17). Among different disability groups, those with intellectual disability had the highest rate of caries experience (mean DMFT=0.98±1.61). Males had a higher rate of dental caries experience than females (P=0.006). The decayed component (DT) had by far the highest mean score (0.66±1.26) compared to other DMFT components.
Conclusion: The caries experience of the study population was low. Nonetheless, the severity of caries was high in those who had caries experience.
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12. Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2000 Sep;28(9):685-95.
13. Oredugba FA. Comparative oral health of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy and controls. J Disabil Oral Health. 2011;12(2):68.
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15. Purohit BM, Singh A. Oral health status of 12-year-old children with disabilities and controls in Southern India. WHO South East Asia J Public Health. 2012 Jul-Sep;1(3):330-338.
16. Chi DL, Rossitch KC, Beeles EM. Developmental delays and dental caries in low-income preschoolers in the USA: a pilot cross-sectional study and preliminary explanatory model. BMC Oral Health. 2013 Oct 12;13:53.
17. Bonito AJ. Executive summary: dental care considerations for vulnerable populations. Spec Care Dentist. 2002;22(3 Suppl):5S-10S.
18. Nqcobo CB, Yengopal V, Rudolph MJ, Thekiso M, Joosab Z. Dental caries prevalence in children attending special needs schools in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. SADJ. 2012 Aug;67(7):308-13.
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21. Anzil KSA, Kiran M, Keerthi L, Dinny D, Sudeep CB, Aravind A. Dental care utilization and expenditures on children with special healthcare needs – A review. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2017;3(1):25-8.
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24. Eigbobo JO, Osagbemiro BB, Okolo NI, Umanah AU. Oral health status and treatment needs of individuals with special health care needs in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Saudi J Oral Dent Res. 2017;2(6):147-54.
25. Sandeep V, Kumar M, Vinay C, Chandrasekhar R, Jyostna P. Oral health status and treatment needs of hearing impaired children attending a special school in Bhimavaram, India. Indian J Dent Res. 2016 Jan-Feb;27(1):73-7.
26. Sandeep V, Kumar M, Vinay C, Chandrasekhar R, Jyostna P. Oral health status and treatment needs of hearing impaired children attending a special school in Bhimavaram, India. Indian J Dent Res. 2016 Jan-Feb;27(1):73-7.
27. World Health Organization. Oral Health Surveys- Basic Methods. 5thed. Geneva: WHO; 2013. p. 31–33, 42–47.
28. Mehta A, Gupta R, Mansoob S, Mansoori S. Assessment of oral health status of children with special needs in Delhi, India. Rev Bras Saude Ocup. 2015;12(3):239-46.
29. Nmadu G, Avidime S, Oguntunde O, Dashe V, Abdulkarim B, Mandara M. Girl Child Education: Rising to the Challenge. Afr J Reprod Health 2010;14(3):107-12.
30. Newacheck PW, Strickland B, Shonkoff JP, Perrin JM, McPherson M, McManus M, Lauver C, Fox H, Arango P. An epidemiologic profile of children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 1998 Jul;102(1 Pt 1):117-23.
31. Uwayezu D, Gatarayiha A, Nzayirambaho M. Prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors in children living with disabilities in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2020 Jul 17;36:193.
32. Akinwonmi BA, Adekoya-Sofowora CA. Oral health characteristics of children and teenagers with special health care needs in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Afri J Oral Health. 2019 Apr;8(2):13-23.
33. Ouock RL. Dental caries: A current understanding and implications. J Nature Sci. 2015 Jan;1(1): 27-31.
34. Liu L, Zhang Y, Wu W, He M, Lu Z, Zhang K, Li J, Lei S, Guo S, Zhang Y. Oral health status among visually impaired schoolchildren in Northeast China. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Apr 27;19(1):63.
35. Altun C, Guven G, Akgun OM, Akkurt MD, Basak F, Akbulut E. Oral health status of disabled individuals attending special schools. Eur J Dent. 2010 Oct;4(4):361-6.
2. Gaçe E, Kelmendi M, Fusha E. Oral health status of children with disability living in Albania. Mater Sociomed. 2014 Dec;26(6):392-4.
3. Taiwo AO, Sulaiman OA, Obileye FM, Akinshipo A, Uwumwonse OA, Soremi OO. Patterns and reasons for childhood tooth extraction in Northwest Nigeria. J Pediatr Dent. 2014 Sep;2(3):83-87.
4. Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century--the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003 Dec;31 Suppl 1:3-23.
5. Opondo IA, Kemoli AM, Ngesa JL. Impact of dental caries on the oral health-related quality of life of urban slum children in Nairobi, Kenya. Edorium J Dent. 2017;4:12-18.
6. Mokhtar SM, Jalil LA, Noor NM, Tan BC, Shamdol Z, Hanafiah HA. Dental status and treatment needs of special needs children in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. World J Res Rev. 2016 Jun;2(6):64-70.
7. The United Nations. United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities2006.http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/convtexte.htm. Accessed 7/4/2023
8. Adesina MA, Olufadewa II, Oladele RI, Oduguwa IO, Abudu FR. Historical perspective and classification of disability. Yen Med J. 2021;3(1):17-24.
9. Matin BK, Williamson HJ, Karyani AK, Rezaei S, Soofi M, Soltani S. Barriers in access to healthcare for women with disabilities: a systematic review in qualitative studies. BMC Womens Health. 2021 Jan 30;21(1):44.
10. Lang R, Upah L. Scoping study: Disability issues in Nigeria Final Report. 2008. Available from:https://studylib.net/doc/13390397/scoping-study--disability-issues-in-nigeria-final-report. Accessed 11/3/20
11. Oredugba FA. Oral health condition and treatment needs of a group of Nigerian individuals with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr Res Pract. 2007 Jul;12(1):72-6.
12. Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2000 Sep;28(9):685-95.
13. Oredugba FA. Comparative oral health of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy and controls. J Disabil Oral Health. 2011;12(2):68.
14. Oliveira JS, Prado Júnior RR, de Sousa Lima KR, de Oliveira Amaral H, Moita Neto JM, Mendes RF. Intellectual disability and impact on oral health: a paired study. Spec Care Dentist. 2013 Nov-Dec;33(6):262-8.
15. Purohit BM, Singh A. Oral health status of 12-year-old children with disabilities and controls in Southern India. WHO South East Asia J Public Health. 2012 Jul-Sep;1(3):330-338.
16. Chi DL, Rossitch KC, Beeles EM. Developmental delays and dental caries in low-income preschoolers in the USA: a pilot cross-sectional study and preliminary explanatory model. BMC Oral Health. 2013 Oct 12;13:53.
17. Bonito AJ. Executive summary: dental care considerations for vulnerable populations. Spec Care Dentist. 2002;22(3 Suppl):5S-10S.
18. Nqcobo CB, Yengopal V, Rudolph MJ, Thekiso M, Joosab Z. Dental caries prevalence in children attending special needs schools in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. SADJ. 2012 Aug;67(7):308-13.
19. Kuter B. Caries Experience and Oral Disorders of Disabled Children. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71527 doi: 10.5772/intechopen.91809. Accessed 25/8/2022
20. Al-Mashhadani S, Nasser M, Alsalami A, Burns L, Paisi M. Barriers and Facilitators to Dental Care Services Utilization Among Children With Disabilities: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis. Health Expect. 2024 Oct;27(5):e70049.
21. Anzil KSA, Kiran M, Keerthi L, Dinny D, Sudeep CB, Aravind A. Dental care utilization and expenditures on children with special healthcare needs – A review. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2017;3(1):25-8.
22. Oredugba FA, Akindayomi Y. Oral health status and treatment needs of children and young adults attending a day centre for individuals with special health care needs. BMC Oral Health. 2008 Oct 22;8:30. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-8-30.
23. Jain M, Bharadwaj SP, Kaira LS, Bharadwaj SP, Chopra D, Prabu D, Kulkarni S. Oral health status and treatment need among institutionalised hearing-impaired and blind children and young adults in Udaipur, India. A comparative study. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2013 Mar;12(1):41-9.
24. Eigbobo JO, Osagbemiro BB, Okolo NI, Umanah AU. Oral health status and treatment needs of individuals with special health care needs in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Saudi J Oral Dent Res. 2017;2(6):147-54.
25. Sandeep V, Kumar M, Vinay C, Chandrasekhar R, Jyostna P. Oral health status and treatment needs of hearing impaired children attending a special school in Bhimavaram, India. Indian J Dent Res. 2016 Jan-Feb;27(1):73-7.
26. Sandeep V, Kumar M, Vinay C, Chandrasekhar R, Jyostna P. Oral health status and treatment needs of hearing impaired children attending a special school in Bhimavaram, India. Indian J Dent Res. 2016 Jan-Feb;27(1):73-7.
27. World Health Organization. Oral Health Surveys- Basic Methods. 5thed. Geneva: WHO; 2013. p. 31–33, 42–47.
28. Mehta A, Gupta R, Mansoob S, Mansoori S. Assessment of oral health status of children with special needs in Delhi, India. Rev Bras Saude Ocup. 2015;12(3):239-46.
29. Nmadu G, Avidime S, Oguntunde O, Dashe V, Abdulkarim B, Mandara M. Girl Child Education: Rising to the Challenge. Afr J Reprod Health 2010;14(3):107-12.
30. Newacheck PW, Strickland B, Shonkoff JP, Perrin JM, McPherson M, McManus M, Lauver C, Fox H, Arango P. An epidemiologic profile of children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 1998 Jul;102(1 Pt 1):117-23.
31. Uwayezu D, Gatarayiha A, Nzayirambaho M. Prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors in children living with disabilities in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2020 Jul 17;36:193.
32. Akinwonmi BA, Adekoya-Sofowora CA. Oral health characteristics of children and teenagers with special health care needs in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Afri J Oral Health. 2019 Apr;8(2):13-23.
33. Ouock RL. Dental caries: A current understanding and implications. J Nature Sci. 2015 Jan;1(1): 27-31.
34. Liu L, Zhang Y, Wu W, He M, Lu Z, Zhang K, Li J, Lei S, Guo S, Zhang Y. Oral health status among visually impaired schoolchildren in Northeast China. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Apr 27;19(1):63.
35. Altun C, Guven G, Akgun OM, Akkurt MD, Basak F, Akbulut E. Oral health status of disabled individuals attending special schools. Eur J Dent. 2010 Oct;4(4):361-6.
| Issue | Vol 22 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
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| Dental Caries Nigeria Persons with Disabilities Students | ||
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How to Cite
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Ogbeide M, Taiwo A. Caries Experience and Severity among Students with Disabilities in Sokoto, Nigeria. Front Dent. 2025;22.
