Effect of Addition of Natural Wool Fibers on Some Surface Characteristics of Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Material
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Abstract
Objectives: Heat-cure acrylic resin is commonly used for the fabrication of denture base; however, it does not meet all the ideal requirements of a denture base material. This study was performed to assess the surface hardness and roughness of natural wool fiber-reinforced heat-cure acrylic resin as a denture base material.
Materials and Methods: Sixty acrylic specimens were fabricated in this in vitro study; they were divided into three main groups. The first group (control) included acrylic specimens without fiber reinforcement, the second group (NW) included acrylic specimens reinforced with 0.25wt% natural wool fibers and the third group (SW) included acrylic specimens reinforced with 0.25wt% silane-treated natural wool fibers. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups based on the tests performed, surface hardness test group and surface roughness test group. Surface hardness was measured by a Shore D hardness tester. A profilometer was used for measurement of surface roughness. The results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test and P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The SW group had the highest mean surface hardness value, followed by the NW group, whilst the control group had the lowermost mean value. However, the statistical significant difference was only evident between the SW group and the control group (P=0.018). Meanwhile, no statistically significant difference was found in surface roughness among the tested groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The surface hardness of heat-cure acrylic resin can be improved by reinforcement with silane-treated natural wool fibers without significantly affecting its surface roughness.
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16. Aldas Carrasco MF, Rouault NJ, Ferri Azor JM, López-Martínez J, Samper Madrigal MD. A new bio-based fibre-reinforced polymer obtained from sheep wool short fibres and PLA. Green Mater. 2020 Jun;8(2):79-91.
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22. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 868:2003 – Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness). Switzerland: ISO; 2003.
23. Melo CB, Feitosa MD, Maia SD, Barreto JO, Peixoto RF, Regis RR. Effect of a continuous mechanical polishing protocol on the color stainability, microhardness, mass, and surface roughness of denture base acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent. 2021 Dec;126(6):796-802.
24. Chhabra M, Nanditha Kumar M, RaghavendraSwamy KN, Thippeswamy HM. Flexural strength and impact strength of heat-cured acrylic and 3D printed denture base resins- A comparative in vitro study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2022 Jan-Feb;12(1):1-3.
25. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 20795-1:2013 – Dentistry – Base polymers – Part 1: Denture base polymer. Switzerland: ISO; 2013.
26. Atalay S, Çakmak G, Fonseca M, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B. Effect of thermocycling on the surface properties of CAD-CAM denture base materials after different surface treatments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2021 Sep;121:104646.
27. Millington KR, Rippon JA. Wool as a high-performance fiber. In: Bhat G, editor. Structure and properties of high-performance fibers. Woodhead Publishing; 2017. p. 367-408.
28. Okeke KN, Vahed A, Singh S. Improving the strength properties of denture base acrylic resins using hibiscus sabdariffa natural fiber. J Int Dent Med Res. 2018;11(1):248-54.
29. Tham DQ, Chung I, Kim T, Kang J, Tan MM, Kim Dung NT, et al. Preparation, stabilization and characterization of 3-(methacryloyloxy) propyl trimethoxy silane modified colloidal nanosilica particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2020;585:124066
30. Herrmann K, editor. Hardness testing: principles and applications. ASM international; 2011 (P. 69).
31. Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Silikas N. Flexural strength and hardness of filler-reinforced PMMA targeted for denture base application. Materials. 2021 May;14(10):2659.
32. Sharhan HA, Alraziqi ZN, Oleiwi JK. Effect of polypropylene (PP) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers reinforced acrylic resin on compression, hardness and surface-roughness for denture applications. Key Eng Mater. 2022 Mar;911:9-16.
33. Gad MM, Rahoma A, Al-Thobity AM. Effect of polymerization technique and glass fiber addition on the surface roughness and hardness of PMMA denture base material. Dent Mater J. 2018 Sep;37(5):746-53.
34. Abdulrazzaq HT, Ali MM. The effect of glass flakes reinforcement on the surface hardness and surface roughness of heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) denture base material. J Baghdad Coll Dent. 2015;27(2):6-10.
2. McCabe JF, Walls AW, editors. Applied dental materials 9th edition. John Wiley & Sons; 2013 May 7. Ch. 13, P. 110-123.
3. Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR, editors. Phillips' science of dental materials 12th edition. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012 Sep 27. Chapter 11, P. 247.
4. Cerci BB, Roman LS, Guariza-Filho O, Camargo ES, Tanaka OM. Dental enamel roughness with different acid etching times: Atomic force microscopy study. Eur J Gen Dent. 2012 Sep;1(03):187-191.
5. Vongvachvasin K, Thaweboon S, Churnjitapirom P, Kaophun S, Chotprasert N. The physical properties of PMMA denture base resin incorporated with vanillin. In Key Engineering Materials 2018 Sep;773:338-43.
6. Al-Dwairi ZN, Tahboub KY, Baba NZ, Goodacre CJ, Özcan M. A comparison of the surface properties of CAD/CAM and conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). J Prosthodont. 2019 Apr;28(4):452-7
7. Alraziqi ZN. Water temperature effect on hardness and flexural strength of (PMMA/TiO2 NPs) for dental applications. Baghdad Sci J. 2022 Aug;19(4):922.
8. Khalaf BS, Abass SM, Jassim TK. Dimensional stability of heat-activated acrylic resin at different time intervals by different flask cooling methods. Mustansiria Dent J. 2008;5(3):274-80
9. Gad MM, Al-Thobity AM, Rahoma A, Abualsaud R, Al-Harbi FA, Akhtar S. Reinforcement of PMMA denture base material with a mixture of ZrO2 nanoparticles and glass fibers. Int J Dent. 2019 Jan;2019:2489393.
10. Jassim RK. Studying the properties of heat cure acrylic resin after reinforced with polyamide fibers treated with plasma (oxygen gas). Iraqi Dent J. 2015 Dec;37(3):83-9.
11. Fatihallah AA, Mohammed MR, Taha YT, Salih ZS. The effect of incorporation of two different fibers on some mechanical properties of heat cure acrylic resin. Mustansiria Dent J. 2014;11(1):48-56.
12. Thomas S, Jose S, editors. Wool fiber reinforced polymer composites. Woodhead Publishing. 2022. P. 1-71, 179-196, 227-254.
13. Ouarhim W, Zari N, Bouhfid R. Mechanical performance of natural fibers–based thermosetting composites. In Mechanical and physical testing of biocomposites, fibre-reinforced composites and hybrid composites. Woodhead Publishing 2019. p. 43-60.
14. Pawlak F, Aldas M, Parres F, López-Martínez J, Arrieta MP. Silane-functionalized sheep wool fibers from dairy industry waste for the development of plasticized pla composites with maleinized linseed oil for injection-molded parts. Polymers. 2020 Oct;12(11):2523.
15. Harahap SA, Yudhit A, Wardani FK. Potency of banana (Musa acuminata Linn.) stem fiber as a reinforcement material for heat cured acrylic resin. Mater Sci Forum. 2022 Sep;1069:129-34.
16. Aldas Carrasco MF, Rouault NJ, Ferri Azor JM, López-Martínez J, Samper Madrigal MD. A new bio-based fibre-reinforced polymer obtained from sheep wool short fibres and PLA. Green Mater. 2020 Jun;8(2):79-91.
17. Pan Y, Hurren CJ, Li Q. Effect of sonochemical scouring on the surface morphologies, mechanical properties, and dyeing abilities of wool fibres. Ultrason Sonochem. 2018 Mar;41:227-33.
18. Braniša J, Jomová K, Porubská M. Scouring test of sheep wool intended for sorption. Fibres Text East Eur. 2019;27(2(134)):24-9
19. Conzatti L, Giunco F, Stagnaro P, Patrucco A, Tonin C, Marano C, et al. Wool fibres functionalised with a silane-based coupling agent for reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. 2014 Jun;61:51-9.
20. Zaidan NM, Jassim RK. The Impact of Adding Silanized Microcrystalline Cellulose on Some Properties of Heat-Cured Acrylic Denture Base Material. J Res Med Dent Sci. 2022 Aug;10(8):11-8.
21. Xu J, Li Y, Yu T, Cong L. Reinforcement of denture base resin with short vegetable fiber. Dent Mater. 2013 Dec;29(12):1273-9.
22. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 868:2003 – Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness). Switzerland: ISO; 2003.
23. Melo CB, Feitosa MD, Maia SD, Barreto JO, Peixoto RF, Regis RR. Effect of a continuous mechanical polishing protocol on the color stainability, microhardness, mass, and surface roughness of denture base acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent. 2021 Dec;126(6):796-802.
24. Chhabra M, Nanditha Kumar M, RaghavendraSwamy KN, Thippeswamy HM. Flexural strength and impact strength of heat-cured acrylic and 3D printed denture base resins- A comparative in vitro study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2022 Jan-Feb;12(1):1-3.
25. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 20795-1:2013 – Dentistry – Base polymers – Part 1: Denture base polymer. Switzerland: ISO; 2013.
26. Atalay S, Çakmak G, Fonseca M, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B. Effect of thermocycling on the surface properties of CAD-CAM denture base materials after different surface treatments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2021 Sep;121:104646.
27. Millington KR, Rippon JA. Wool as a high-performance fiber. In: Bhat G, editor. Structure and properties of high-performance fibers. Woodhead Publishing; 2017. p. 367-408.
28. Okeke KN, Vahed A, Singh S. Improving the strength properties of denture base acrylic resins using hibiscus sabdariffa natural fiber. J Int Dent Med Res. 2018;11(1):248-54.
29. Tham DQ, Chung I, Kim T, Kang J, Tan MM, Kim Dung NT, et al. Preparation, stabilization and characterization of 3-(methacryloyloxy) propyl trimethoxy silane modified colloidal nanosilica particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2020;585:124066
30. Herrmann K, editor. Hardness testing: principles and applications. ASM international; 2011 (P. 69).
31. Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Silikas N. Flexural strength and hardness of filler-reinforced PMMA targeted for denture base application. Materials. 2021 May;14(10):2659.
32. Sharhan HA, Alraziqi ZN, Oleiwi JK. Effect of polypropylene (PP) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers reinforced acrylic resin on compression, hardness and surface-roughness for denture applications. Key Eng Mater. 2022 Mar;911:9-16.
33. Gad MM, Rahoma A, Al-Thobity AM. Effect of polymerization technique and glass fiber addition on the surface roughness and hardness of PMMA denture base material. Dent Mater J. 2018 Sep;37(5):746-53.
34. Abdulrazzaq HT, Ali MM. The effect of glass flakes reinforcement on the surface hardness and surface roughness of heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) denture base material. J Baghdad Coll Dent. 2015;27(2):6-10.
| Issue | Vol 23 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Acrylic Resins Hardness Surface Properties Wool | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Almayyahi Z, Khalaf B. Effect of Addition of Natural Wool Fibers on Some Surface Characteristics of Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Material. Front Dent. 2026;23.
