Effect of Incorporation of Thymol Powder on the Tensile Strength, Elongation Percentage, and Surface Roughness of Room-Temperature Vulcanised Maxillofacial Silicone Material: An In Vitro Study
An In Vitro Study
,
Abstract
Objectives: Silicone facial prostheses are replaced after a relatively short period of clinical service, mainly due to the decline in their physical and mechanical properties. This study aimed to investigate some mechanical and physical properties of VST-50 maxillofacial silicone after incorporating thymol micro-powder into its matrix.
Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, room-temperature vulcanised VST-50 maxillofacial silicone and thymol micro-powder were used to prepare the study specimens according to the findings of a pilot study. Sixty specimens were prepared and assigned equally and relevantly to three tests (tensile strength/elongation percentage test, and surface roughness test). Each test encompassed three groups (n=10). According to thymol content percentage, the study groups were customised as: group A: control (without additive), experimental groups B and C with 0.75wt% and 1wt.% thymol additive, respectively. An Instron universal testing machine was used to investigate the tensile strength and elongation percentage, and a profilometer was used to test the surface roughness. ANOVA and post-hoc test were used to analyze the results (alpha 0.05).
Results: Statistically, group B showed a significantly higher mean tensile strength (mean difference: -3.055 N/mm2; P<0.001) and elongation percentage (mean difference: -157.9885%; P=0.003). However, group C showed a significantly lower surface roughness (mean difference: 0.1172µm; P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results of this in vitro study, thymol micro-powder appears to be a promising additive that could reinforce some physical and mechanical properties of medical-grade maxillofacial silicone.
1 Naji GA, Ali MM, Farhan FA. Physico-mechanical behavior of room temperature vulcanised maxillofacial silicon after addition of glass flakes. Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 2020 May; 14(1):1304-10.
2 Fatihallah AA, Alsamaraay ME. Effect of polyamide (Nylon 6) micro-particles incorporation into RTV maxillofacial silicone elastomer on tear and tensile strength. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2017 Dec; 29(4):7-12.
3 AbdulKareem AA, Hamad TI. The effects of nano alumina on mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanised maxillofacial silicone (pilot study). J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2019 Dec; 31(4).
4 Fatalla AA, AlSamaraay ME, Jassim RK. Effect of the addition of polyamide (nylon 6) micro-particles on some mechanical properties of RTV maxillofacial silicone elastomer before and after artificial aging. Biomed. Pharmacol. J. 2017 Dec; 10(4), pp.1933-1942.
5 Mohammed AJ, Alirhayim RN. The effect of nanoparticles addition on the physical properties of the maxillofacial silicone: A Literature review. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 2022 Feb; 10(2): 760-764.
6 Al-Dharrab AA, Tayel SB, Abodaya MH. The effect of different storage conditions on the physical properties of pigmented medical grade I silicone maxillofacial material. Int. Sch. Res. Notices. 2013 Mar; 2013.
7 Tukmachi MS, Safi IN, Ali MM. Evaluation of mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of maxillofacial silicone material after incorporation of zirconia nanopowder. Mater. Today Proc. 2021 Jan; 42:2209-17.
8 Haider YM, Abdullah ZS, Jani GH, Mokhtar N. Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicon elastomer reinforced with polyester powder. Int. J. Dent. 2019 Jan; 1-6.
9 Abdul-Ameer FM. Impact of a mixture of nanofiller and intrinsic pigment on tear strength and hardness of two types of maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Dent. Res. J. (Isfahan) 2020 Jan; 17(4), p.251.
10 Abdullah HA, Abdul-Ameer FM. Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a new silicone material for maxillofacial prostheses after addition of intrinsic pigment. Saudi Dent. J. 2018 Oct; 30(4), 330-336.
11 Kuete V. Thymus vulgaris. In: Kuete V, editor. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa. 2017; p.599-609.
12 Nagoor Meeran MF, Javed H, Al Taee H, Azimullah S, Ojha SK. Pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of thymol: prospects for its therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development. Front. Pharmacol. 2017 Jun; 8:380.
13 Escobar A, Perez M, Romanelli G, Blustein G. Thymol bioactivity: A review focusing on practical applications. Arab. J. Chem. 2020 Dec; 13(12):9243-69.
14 Nordin N, Othman SH, Rashid SA, Basha RK. Effects of glycerol and thymol on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of corn starch films. Food Hydrocoll. 2020 Sep; 106, 105884.
15 Cui Y, Cheng M, Han M, Zhang R, Wang X. Characterization and release kinetics study of potato starch nanocomposite films containing mesoporous nano-silica incorporated with Thyme essential oil. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021 Aug; 184, 566-573.
16 Lian H, Wei W, Wang D, Jia L, Yang X. Effect of thymol on physical properties, antimicrobial properties and fresh-keeping application of cherry tomato of starch/PBAT extrusion blowing films. Food Sci. Technol. 2022; 42:e43922.
17 Ibrahim HI, Abdul–Ameer FM. Influence of kappa-carrageenan powder addition on staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion on the room temperature vulcanised maxillofacial silicone. Pak. J. Med. Health Sci. 2021 Jan; 15(1), p.359.
18 ISO 37. Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic- Determination of tensile stress-strain properties; 2017 Nov.
19 ISO 7619-1. Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of indentation hardness - Part 1: Durometer method (Shore hardness); 2010 Oct.
20 ISO 23529, 2016 Nov, Rubber - General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test methods..
21 ASTM D624_00. “Standard Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanised Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers”. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International; 2012 Jan.
22 Factor II, Incorporated [Internet]. USA: The Art, Science and Technology of Silicones and Prosthetics, digital catalog; c2023 [cited 2023 Jun 2]. Available from: http://www.factor2.com/v/vspfiles/Catalog_2017/mobile/index.html#p=9.
23- ASME B46.1, "Surface texture, surface roughness, waviness and lay", American society of mechanical engineering, Three Park Avenue, NY, USA; 2009.
24- Brookhaven Instruments Corporation. NanoBrook 90Plus particle size analyzer: specifications. Holtsville, NY, USA: Brookhaven Instruments Corporation. https://www.brookhaveninstruments.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/NanoBrook-90Plus.pdf.
25 Al-Mohammad YN, Abdul-Ameer FM. Evaluation the Effect of Nano Yttrium Oxide Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Room Temperature-Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers. Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 2020 Apr; 14(2), 803-809. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2966.
26 Ibrahim AHJ, Al-Judy HJ. Mechanical properties of chitosan incorporated in maxillofacial silicone and its anticandidal activity in vitro. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 2019 Jan; 6(6), pp.101-107.
27 Alanssari BF, Khalaf BS. “Effect of addition of composite polyamide micro particles and silicone dioxide nanoparticle on some mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomer before and after artificial aging”. Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 2020 May; 14(1), pp. 1013–1019.
28 Alsmael MA, Ali MMM. The effect of nano titanium silicate addition on some properties of maxillofacial silicone material. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 2018 Sep; 6(5), pp.125-130.
29 Shakir DA, Abdul-Ameer FM. Effect of nano-titanium oxide addition on some mechanical properties of silicone elastomers for maxillofacial prostheses. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci. 2018 Jun; 13(3) 281–290.
30 Tsuzuki T, Baassiri K, Mahmoudi Z, Perumal AS, Rajendran K, Rubies GM, et al. Hydrophobic recovery of PDMS surfaces in contact with hydrophilic entities: Relevance to Biomedical Devices. Materials (Basel) 2022 Mar; 15(6):2313.
31 Behera A. Advanced Materials: An Introduction to Modern Materials Science. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2021 Nov. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80359-9
32 Pleva P, Bartošová L, Máčalová D, Zálešáková L, Sedlaříková J, Janalíková M. Biofilm formation reduction by eugenol and thymol on biodegradable food packaging material. Foods. 2021 Dec 21;11(1):2.
33 Patole VC, Lohe NS, Awari DD. Thymol Loaded Polymer Hybrid For Wound Healing. Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs. 2022 Jan 1;36(1):63-67.
2 Fatihallah AA, Alsamaraay ME. Effect of polyamide (Nylon 6) micro-particles incorporation into RTV maxillofacial silicone elastomer on tear and tensile strength. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2017 Dec; 29(4):7-12.
3 AbdulKareem AA, Hamad TI. The effects of nano alumina on mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanised maxillofacial silicone (pilot study). J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2019 Dec; 31(4).
4 Fatalla AA, AlSamaraay ME, Jassim RK. Effect of the addition of polyamide (nylon 6) micro-particles on some mechanical properties of RTV maxillofacial silicone elastomer before and after artificial aging. Biomed. Pharmacol. J. 2017 Dec; 10(4), pp.1933-1942.
5 Mohammed AJ, Alirhayim RN. The effect of nanoparticles addition on the physical properties of the maxillofacial silicone: A Literature review. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 2022 Feb; 10(2): 760-764.
6 Al-Dharrab AA, Tayel SB, Abodaya MH. The effect of different storage conditions on the physical properties of pigmented medical grade I silicone maxillofacial material. Int. Sch. Res. Notices. 2013 Mar; 2013.
7 Tukmachi MS, Safi IN, Ali MM. Evaluation of mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of maxillofacial silicone material after incorporation of zirconia nanopowder. Mater. Today Proc. 2021 Jan; 42:2209-17.
8 Haider YM, Abdullah ZS, Jani GH, Mokhtar N. Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicon elastomer reinforced with polyester powder. Int. J. Dent. 2019 Jan; 1-6.
9 Abdul-Ameer FM. Impact of a mixture of nanofiller and intrinsic pigment on tear strength and hardness of two types of maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Dent. Res. J. (Isfahan) 2020 Jan; 17(4), p.251.
10 Abdullah HA, Abdul-Ameer FM. Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a new silicone material for maxillofacial prostheses after addition of intrinsic pigment. Saudi Dent. J. 2018 Oct; 30(4), 330-336.
11 Kuete V. Thymus vulgaris. In: Kuete V, editor. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa. 2017; p.599-609.
12 Nagoor Meeran MF, Javed H, Al Taee H, Azimullah S, Ojha SK. Pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of thymol: prospects for its therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development. Front. Pharmacol. 2017 Jun; 8:380.
13 Escobar A, Perez M, Romanelli G, Blustein G. Thymol bioactivity: A review focusing on practical applications. Arab. J. Chem. 2020 Dec; 13(12):9243-69.
14 Nordin N, Othman SH, Rashid SA, Basha RK. Effects of glycerol and thymol on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of corn starch films. Food Hydrocoll. 2020 Sep; 106, 105884.
15 Cui Y, Cheng M, Han M, Zhang R, Wang X. Characterization and release kinetics study of potato starch nanocomposite films containing mesoporous nano-silica incorporated with Thyme essential oil. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021 Aug; 184, 566-573.
16 Lian H, Wei W, Wang D, Jia L, Yang X. Effect of thymol on physical properties, antimicrobial properties and fresh-keeping application of cherry tomato of starch/PBAT extrusion blowing films. Food Sci. Technol. 2022; 42:e43922.
17 Ibrahim HI, Abdul–Ameer FM. Influence of kappa-carrageenan powder addition on staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion on the room temperature vulcanised maxillofacial silicone. Pak. J. Med. Health Sci. 2021 Jan; 15(1), p.359.
18 ISO 37. Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic- Determination of tensile stress-strain properties; 2017 Nov.
19 ISO 7619-1. Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of indentation hardness - Part 1: Durometer method (Shore hardness); 2010 Oct.
20 ISO 23529, 2016 Nov, Rubber - General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test methods..
21 ASTM D624_00. “Standard Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanised Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers”. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International; 2012 Jan.
22 Factor II, Incorporated [Internet]. USA: The Art, Science and Technology of Silicones and Prosthetics, digital catalog; c2023 [cited 2023 Jun 2]. Available from: http://www.factor2.com/v/vspfiles/Catalog_2017/mobile/index.html#p=9.
23- ASME B46.1, "Surface texture, surface roughness, waviness and lay", American society of mechanical engineering, Three Park Avenue, NY, USA; 2009.
24- Brookhaven Instruments Corporation. NanoBrook 90Plus particle size analyzer: specifications. Holtsville, NY, USA: Brookhaven Instruments Corporation. https://www.brookhaveninstruments.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/NanoBrook-90Plus.pdf.
25 Al-Mohammad YN, Abdul-Ameer FM. Evaluation the Effect of Nano Yttrium Oxide Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Room Temperature-Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers. Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 2020 Apr; 14(2), 803-809. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2966.
26 Ibrahim AHJ, Al-Judy HJ. Mechanical properties of chitosan incorporated in maxillofacial silicone and its anticandidal activity in vitro. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 2019 Jan; 6(6), pp.101-107.
27 Alanssari BF, Khalaf BS. “Effect of addition of composite polyamide micro particles and silicone dioxide nanoparticle on some mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomer before and after artificial aging”. Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 2020 May; 14(1), pp. 1013–1019.
28 Alsmael MA, Ali MMM. The effect of nano titanium silicate addition on some properties of maxillofacial silicone material. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 2018 Sep; 6(5), pp.125-130.
29 Shakir DA, Abdul-Ameer FM. Effect of nano-titanium oxide addition on some mechanical properties of silicone elastomers for maxillofacial prostheses. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci. 2018 Jun; 13(3) 281–290.
30 Tsuzuki T, Baassiri K, Mahmoudi Z, Perumal AS, Rajendran K, Rubies GM, et al. Hydrophobic recovery of PDMS surfaces in contact with hydrophilic entities: Relevance to Biomedical Devices. Materials (Basel) 2022 Mar; 15(6):2313.
31 Behera A. Advanced Materials: An Introduction to Modern Materials Science. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2021 Nov. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80359-9
32 Pleva P, Bartošová L, Máčalová D, Zálešáková L, Sedlaříková J, Janalíková M. Biofilm formation reduction by eugenol and thymol on biodegradable food packaging material. Foods. 2021 Dec 21;11(1):2.
33 Patole VC, Lohe NS, Awari DD. Thymol Loaded Polymer Hybrid For Wound Healing. Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs. 2022 Jan 1;36(1):63-67.
| Issue | Vol 23 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Maxillofacial Prosthesis Mechanical Tests Silicone Elastomers Thymol | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Ramadhan M, Abdul-Ameer F. Effect of Incorporation of Thymol Powder on the Tensile Strength, Elongation Percentage, and Surface Roughness of Room-Temperature Vulcanised Maxillofacial Silicone Material: An In Vitro Study. Front Dent. 2026;23.
