Validation of a Questionnaire on COVID-19 Knowledge and Attitude for Dental Patients
-
Mohammad Reza Khami
,
Mahsa Karimi
,
Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
,
Ahmad Reza Shamshiri
,
Prathip Phantumvanit
,
Armando E Soto-Rojas
,
Seyed Hossein Bassir
,
Heikki Murtomaa
Abstract
Objectives: The current study aimed to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire in both English and Persian to assess dental patients' knowledge and attitude during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Materials and Methods: Through a comprehensive literature review, we designed the primary questionnaire in English and then translated it into Persian. The questionnaire consisted of six sections covering background information, knowledge of emergency dental treatments, transmission routes of disease, required preparation, source of information, and attitude. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the researchers obtained expert opinions using the Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave). They distributed online versions of the questionnaire to a total of 60 English-speaking adults in Nigeria and the United States, and 60 Persian-speaking adults in Iran to measure its reliability using Cronbach's alpha.
Results: I-CVI score, S-CVI/Ave, and Cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire ranged from 0.29-1, 0.62-0.99, and 41.1-87.6%, respectively. After reviewing the scores and comments received on each item, taking into account the opinions of the research team, a decision was made to remove, merge, modify, or retain certain items. This led to a final version of the questionnaire consisting of nine questions in the background section and 46 items in the remaining five sections.
Conclusion: Overall, the developed questionnaire appears to be valid and reliable for assessing the knowledge and attitude of dental patients toward COVID-19 in dental settings. It can potentially serve as an appropriate scale in future infectious disease epidemics across diverse populations.
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20. Stehr-Green PA, Stehr-Green JK, Nelson A, Alexander L, Mejia GC, MacDonald PD. Developing a questionnaire. FOCUS Field Epidemiol. 2003;2(2):1-6.
21. Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, Abbaszadeh A, Alavi-Majd H, Nikanfar AR. Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication. J Caring Sci. 2015 Jun 1;4(2):165-78.
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25. Adeyemo YI, Karimi M, Oziegbe E, Popoola BO, Alade M, Shamshiri AR, et al. Factors associated with dental clinic use by clients in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):811.
26. Cook DA, Beckman TJ. Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. Am J Med. 2006 Feb;119(2):166.e7-16.
27. Haynes SN, Richard D, Kubany ES. Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psycho assessment. 1995 Sep;7(3):238.
28. Almugeiren OM, Alanazi AK, Alnafea A, Alghufaili SM, Alkhafaji AB. Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in three Gulf countries - a cross-sectional survey. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Jun;26(11):4102-4112.
29. Doumani M, Habib AA, Alotaibi AN, Alharbi AS, Alduraibi MS, Otain OA, et al. The knowledge about coronavirus (COVID-19) among populations in two different Arab countries. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Nov 30;9(11):5614-5621.
30. Kantor BN, Kantor J. Development and validation of the Oxford Pandemic Attitude Scale-COVID-19 (OPAS-C): an internet-based cross-sectional study in the UK and USA. BMJ Open. 2021 Jul 14;11(7):e043758.
31. Khattak S, Faheem M, Nawaz B, Khan M, Khan NH, Ullah N, et al. Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Cancer Patients towards COVID-19 in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jun 28;19(13):7926.
32. Alam BF, Almojaibel AA, Aziz Ansari K, Haroon M, Noreen S, Tauqir S, et al. General public awareness, knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 infection and prevention: a cross-sectional study from Pakistan. F1000Res. 2023 Jun 5;10:946.
33. Nazari N, Zekiy AO, Feng LS, Griffiths MD. Psychometric Validation of the Persian Version of the COVID-19-Related Psychological Distress Scale and Association with COVID-19 Fear, COVID-19 Anxiety, Optimism, and Lack of Resilience. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20(5):2665-2680.
34. Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Adnan S, Ahmed N, Ghazal T, Adanir N. Evaluation of Patient's Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Cross-Infection Control in Dentistry during COVID-19 Pandemic. Eur J Dent. 2020 Dec;14(S 01):S1-S6.
35. Moffat RC, Yentes CT, Crookston BT, West JH. Patient Perceptions about Professional Dental Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2021 Jan;6(1):15-23.
36. Parvaie P, Osmani F. Dentistry during COVID-19: patients' knowledge and satisfaction toward health protocols COVID-19 during dental treatment. Eur J Med Res. 2022 Jan 11;27(1):3.
37. Taherdoost H. Validity and reliability of the research instrument; how to test the validation of a questionnaire/survey in a research. Int J Academic Res Management (IJARM). 2016
2. Ge ZY, Yang LM, Xia JJ, Fu XH, Zhang YZ. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020 May;21(5):361-368.
3. Worldometer: COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC 2023 [updated 2023, October 16. Available at: www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/Accessed October 9, 2024.
4. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020 Mar 3;12(1):9.
5. Barabari P, Moharamzadeh K. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Dentistry-A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Dent J (Basel). 2020 May 21;8(2):53.
6. Izzetti R, Nisi M, Gabriele M, Graziani F. COVID-19 Transmission in Dental Practice: Brief Review of Preventive Measures in Italy. J Dent Res. 2020 Aug;99(9):1030-1038.
7. Ibrahim MS, Alibrahim H, Al Madani A, Alamri A, Bamashmous M, Tounsi A. Fear Factor in Seeking Dental Care among Saudis during COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Oct 9;18(20):10589.
8. Thomson WM, Stewart JF, Carter KD, Spencer AJ. Public perception of cross-infection control in dentistry. Aust Dent J. 1997 Oct;42(5):291-6.
9. Zhang S, Liu C, Zhang C, Jiang H, Tai B, Du M. Impact of COVID-19 on the oral health of adults in Wuhan and China: results of a nationwide online cross-sectional questionnaire survey. BMC Oral Health. 2021 Mar 26;21(1):162.
10. Kateeb ET, Juniedi RN, Warren JJ. Reopening Dental Offices for Routine Care Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Report From Palestine. Int Dent J. 2022 Feb;72(1):83-92.
11. Baghizadeh Fini M. What dentists need to know about COVID-19. Oral Oncol. 2020 Jun;105:104741.
12. American Dentistry Association (ADA): What Constitutes a Dental Emergency? 2020 [updated 2021, March 30. Available at: www.ada.org/-/media/project/ada-organization/ada/ada-org/files/resources/coronavirus/covid-19-practice-resources/ada_covid19_dental_emergency_dds.pdf/Accessed October 9, 2024.
13. Yip HK, Tsang PC, Samaranayake LP, Li AH. Knowledge of and attitudes toward severe acute respiratory syndrome among a cohort of dental patients in Hong Kong following a major local outbreak. Community Dent Health. 2007 Mar;24(1):43-8.
14. Shrestha B, Dunn L. The Declaration of Helsinki on Medical Research involving Human Subjects: A Review of Seventh Revision. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2020 Jan 21;17(4):548-552.
15. Boateng GO, Neilands TB, Frongillo EA, Melgar-Quiñonez HR, Young SL. Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Front Public Health. 2018 Jun 11;6:149.
16. Ather A, Patel B, Ruparel NB, Diogenes A, Hargreaves KM. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care. J Endod. 2020 May;46(5):584-595.
17. Deogade SC, Mantri SS, Sumathi K, Dube G, Rathod JR, Naitam D. Perceptions of dental outpatients toward cross-infection control measures in Jabalpur city. J Ind Association of Public Health Dent. 2016 Jul 1;14(3):338-43.
18. Guidance for dental settings : interim infection prevention and control guidance for dental settings during the COVID-19 response Available at: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/88256#:~:text=In%20response%20to%20the%20COVID,as%20well%20as%20expand%20available/Accessed October 9, 2024.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): How COVID-19 Spreads 2020 [updated 2021, July Available at: www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html/ Accessed October 9, 2024.
20. Stehr-Green PA, Stehr-Green JK, Nelson A, Alexander L, Mejia GC, MacDonald PD. Developing a questionnaire. FOCUS Field Epidemiol. 2003;2(2):1-6.
21. Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, Abbaszadeh A, Alavi-Majd H, Nikanfar AR. Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication. J Caring Sci. 2015 Jun 1;4(2):165-78.
22. Yusoff MS. ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation. Edu Med J. 2019 Jun 28;11(2):49-54.
23. Shi J, Mo X, Sun Z. [Content validity index in scale development]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2012 Feb;37(2):152-5. Chinese.
24. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs Res. 1986 Nov-Dec;35(6):382-5.
25. Adeyemo YI, Karimi M, Oziegbe E, Popoola BO, Alade M, Shamshiri AR, et al. Factors associated with dental clinic use by clients in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):811.
26. Cook DA, Beckman TJ. Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. Am J Med. 2006 Feb;119(2):166.e7-16.
27. Haynes SN, Richard D, Kubany ES. Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psycho assessment. 1995 Sep;7(3):238.
28. Almugeiren OM, Alanazi AK, Alnafea A, Alghufaili SM, Alkhafaji AB. Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in three Gulf countries - a cross-sectional survey. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Jun;26(11):4102-4112.
29. Doumani M, Habib AA, Alotaibi AN, Alharbi AS, Alduraibi MS, Otain OA, et al. The knowledge about coronavirus (COVID-19) among populations in two different Arab countries. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Nov 30;9(11):5614-5621.
30. Kantor BN, Kantor J. Development and validation of the Oxford Pandemic Attitude Scale-COVID-19 (OPAS-C): an internet-based cross-sectional study in the UK and USA. BMJ Open. 2021 Jul 14;11(7):e043758.
31. Khattak S, Faheem M, Nawaz B, Khan M, Khan NH, Ullah N, et al. Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Cancer Patients towards COVID-19 in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jun 28;19(13):7926.
32. Alam BF, Almojaibel AA, Aziz Ansari K, Haroon M, Noreen S, Tauqir S, et al. General public awareness, knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 infection and prevention: a cross-sectional study from Pakistan. F1000Res. 2023 Jun 5;10:946.
33. Nazari N, Zekiy AO, Feng LS, Griffiths MD. Psychometric Validation of the Persian Version of the COVID-19-Related Psychological Distress Scale and Association with COVID-19 Fear, COVID-19 Anxiety, Optimism, and Lack of Resilience. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20(5):2665-2680.
34. Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Adnan S, Ahmed N, Ghazal T, Adanir N. Evaluation of Patient's Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Cross-Infection Control in Dentistry during COVID-19 Pandemic. Eur J Dent. 2020 Dec;14(S 01):S1-S6.
35. Moffat RC, Yentes CT, Crookston BT, West JH. Patient Perceptions about Professional Dental Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2021 Jan;6(1):15-23.
36. Parvaie P, Osmani F. Dentistry during COVID-19: patients' knowledge and satisfaction toward health protocols COVID-19 during dental treatment. Eur J Med Res. 2022 Jan 11;27(1):3.
37. Taherdoost H. Validity and reliability of the research instrument; how to test the validation of a questionnaire/survey in a research. Int J Academic Res Management (IJARM). 2016
| Issue | Vol 21 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Attitude; Fear Knowledge Surveys and Questionnaires Reproducibility of Results | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Khami MR, Karimi M, Folayan MO, Shamshiri AR, Phantumvanit P, E Soto-Rojas A, Bassir SH, Murtomaa H. Validation of a Questionnaire on COVID-19 Knowledge and Attitude for Dental Patients. Front Dent. 2024;21.
