Assessment of Antiplaque and Anti-gingivitis Efficacy of Mouthwashes Prepared from Neem and Mango Extracts
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mouthwashes prepared from neem and mango extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in vitro. Their taste acceptability and effects on plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and salivary pH were also evaluated and compared with chlorhexidine (CHX) in children.
Materials and Methods: Dry extracts of neem and mango twigs were prepared and their MIC against S. mutans was determined. The effective MIC was used to prepare mouthwashes from the two extracts. Three parallel groups of children (n=30) used either neem, mango or 0.2% CHX mouthwash for 21 days. The PI and GI were recorded at baseline and at 7 and 21 days. The salivary pH and taste acceptability were also assessed.
Results: The MIC of both extracts was achieved at 25% concentration. There was a significant difference between the GI score of mango group compared with neem and CHX at the three time points (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the neem and mango groups in PI (P=0.674). There was no significant difference among the three groups in salivary pH either (P=0.817). Intragroup comparison showed significant reductions in PI, GI and salivary pH in all the three groups after 21 days (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Neem and mango mouthwashes can be used as effective alternatives to CHX in children.
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2. Flötra L, Gjermo P, Rölla G, Waerhaug J. Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes. Eur J Oral Sci. 1971 Apr;79(2):119-25.
3. Lakshmi T, Krishnan V, Rajendran R, Madhusudhanan N. Azadirachta indica: A herbal panacea in dentistry–An update. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015 Jan;9(17):41-4.
4. Sumant G, Beena G, Bhongade L. Oral health status of young adults using indigenous oral hygiene methods. Stomatologica India. 1992;5(1):17-23.
5. Mali AM, Behal R, Gilda SS. Comparative evaluation of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinical and microbiological study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012 Jul;16(3):386-91.
6. Chandrahas B, Jayakumar A, Naveen A, Butchibabu K, Reddy PK, Muralikrishna T. A randomized, double-blind clinical study to assess the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of Aloe vera mouth rinse. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012 Oct;16(4): 543-8.
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9. Moghbel A, Farjzadeh A, Aghel N, Agheli H, Raisi N. Evaluation of the Effect of Green Tea Extract on Mouth Bacterial Activity in the Presence of Propylene Glycol. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2012;7(2):56-60.
10. Tandon S, Gupta K, Rao S, Malagi KJ. Effect of Triphala mouthwash on the caries status. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010 Apr;1(2):93-9.
11. Prajapati RA, Raol BV. The study on the efficacy of some herbal extracts for the control of dental caries pathogen-Streptococcus mutans. Int J Pharm Sci Health Care. 2014;1(4):49-58.
12. Khalid A. Antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Ind J Dent Res. 1999;10(1):23-6.
13. Pai MR, Acharya LD, Udupa N. Evaluation of antiplaque activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract gel--a 6-week clinical study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jan;90(1):99-103.
14. Akhtar MS, Ajmal M. Significance of chewing sticks (miswak) in oral hygiene from a pharmacological view point. J Pak Med Assoc. 1981 Apr;31(4):89-95.
15. Wauthoz N, Balde A, Balde ES, Van Damme M, Duez P. Ethnopharmacology of Mangifera indica L. bark and pharmacological studies of its main C-glucosylxanthone, magiferin. Int J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2007 Aug;1(2):112-9.
16. Sharma R, Hebbal M, Ankola AV, Murugaboopathy V, Shetty SJ. Effect of two herbal mouthwashes on gingival health of school children. J Tradit Complement Med.
2014 Oct;4(4):272-8.
17. Balappanavar AY, Sardana V, Singh M. Comparison of the effectiveness of 0.5% tea, 2% neem and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes on oral health: A randomized control trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2013 Jan;24(1);26-34.
18. Soben P. Essential of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 4th Ed., New Delhi; Arya Medi Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2009:343.
19. Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121-35.
20. Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533-51.
21. Mali A, Behal R, Gilda S. Comparative evaluation of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinical and microbiological study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012 Jul;16(3):386-91.
22. World Health Organization, 2008. Traditional Medicine Fact Sheet Number 134. Available at: https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB134/B134_24-en.pdf
23. Kumar VS, Navaratnam V. Neem (Azadirachta indica): prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013 Jul;3(7):505-14.
24. Morton, Julia Frances. "Mango". Fruits of Warm Climates. New CROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University. 1987:221-39.
25. Kathariya M, Adhimuthu A, Kathariya R, Prasanna P, Kathariya R, Bhate K. Effect of water soluble neem metabolite (soluneem) compared to chlorhexidine on common oral bacteria: an in vitro
study. Oral Health Dent Manage. 2014;13:1086-90.
26. Elangovan A, Muranga J, Joseph E. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of four chewing sticks commonly used in South India: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2012 Nov;23(6):840.
27. Devi AR, Singh V, Bhatt AB. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Streptococcus against commercially available drugs and comparison with extract of Punica granatum. Int J of Pharma and Bio Sci. 2011 Jan;2(2):504-8.
28. Prashant GM, Chandu GN, Murulikrishna KS, Shafiulla MD. The effect of mango and neem extract on four organisms causing dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivavius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2007 Oct;18:148-51.
29. Kankariya AR, Patel AR, Kunte SS. The effect of different concentrations of water soluble azadirachtin (neem metabolite) on Streptococcus mutans compared with chlorhexidine. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2016 Apr;34:105-10.
30. Carvalho JC, Figueredo CS, Mestrinho HD. Clinical report on plaque formation, distribution and maturation within the primary, mixed and permanent dentitions. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2009 Dec;10(4):193-9.
31. Bimstein E, Matsson L. Growth and development considerations in the diagnosis of gingivitis and periodontitis in children. Pediatr Dent. 1999 May;21:186-91.
32. Hunter PB. Risk factors in dental caries. Int Dent J. 1988 Dec;38(4):211-7.
33. Bhat SS, Hegde KS, Mathew C, Bhat SV, Shyamjith M. Comparative evaluation of Mangifera indica leaf mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary streptococcal growth. Indian J Dent Res. 2017 Mar;28:151-5.
34. Baliga S, Muglikar S, Kale R. Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker. J Ind Soc Periodontol. 2013 Jul;17(4),461-5.
35. Hegazy SA, Awad SM. Antibacterial effect of plant extracts on plaque and saliva in a group of high caries risk children. Egypt Dent J. 2012;56(4).
2. Flötra L, Gjermo P, Rölla G, Waerhaug J. Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes. Eur J Oral Sci. 1971 Apr;79(2):119-25.
3. Lakshmi T, Krishnan V, Rajendran R, Madhusudhanan N. Azadirachta indica: A herbal panacea in dentistry–An update. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015 Jan;9(17):41-4.
4. Sumant G, Beena G, Bhongade L. Oral health status of young adults using indigenous oral hygiene methods. Stomatologica India. 1992;5(1):17-23.
5. Mali AM, Behal R, Gilda SS. Comparative evaluation of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinical and microbiological study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012 Jul;16(3):386-91.
6. Chandrahas B, Jayakumar A, Naveen A, Butchibabu K, Reddy PK, Muralikrishna T. A randomized, double-blind clinical study to assess the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of Aloe vera mouth rinse. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012 Oct;16(4): 543-8.
7. Rupesh S, Winnier JJ, Nayak UA, Rao AP, Reddy NV. Comparative evaluation of the effects of an alum-containing mouth rinse and a saturated saline rinse on the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2010 Jul;28(3):138-44.
8. Umar D, Dilshad B, Farhan M, Ali A, Baroudi K. The effect of pomegranate mouthrinse on Streptococcus mutans count and salivary pH: An in vivo study. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2016 Jan;7(1):13-6.
9. Moghbel A, Farjzadeh A, Aghel N, Agheli H, Raisi N. Evaluation of the Effect of Green Tea Extract on Mouth Bacterial Activity in the Presence of Propylene Glycol. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2012;7(2):56-60.
10. Tandon S, Gupta K, Rao S, Malagi KJ. Effect of Triphala mouthwash on the caries status. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010 Apr;1(2):93-9.
11. Prajapati RA, Raol BV. The study on the efficacy of some herbal extracts for the control of dental caries pathogen-Streptococcus mutans. Int J Pharm Sci Health Care. 2014;1(4):49-58.
12. Khalid A. Antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Ind J Dent Res. 1999;10(1):23-6.
13. Pai MR, Acharya LD, Udupa N. Evaluation of antiplaque activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract gel--a 6-week clinical study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jan;90(1):99-103.
14. Akhtar MS, Ajmal M. Significance of chewing sticks (miswak) in oral hygiene from a pharmacological view point. J Pak Med Assoc. 1981 Apr;31(4):89-95.
15. Wauthoz N, Balde A, Balde ES, Van Damme M, Duez P. Ethnopharmacology of Mangifera indica L. bark and pharmacological studies of its main C-glucosylxanthone, magiferin. Int J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2007 Aug;1(2):112-9.
16. Sharma R, Hebbal M, Ankola AV, Murugaboopathy V, Shetty SJ. Effect of two herbal mouthwashes on gingival health of school children. J Tradit Complement Med.
2014 Oct;4(4):272-8.
17. Balappanavar AY, Sardana V, Singh M. Comparison of the effectiveness of 0.5% tea, 2% neem and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes on oral health: A randomized control trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2013 Jan;24(1);26-34.
18. Soben P. Essential of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 4th Ed., New Delhi; Arya Medi Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2009:343.
19. Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121-35.
20. Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533-51.
21. Mali A, Behal R, Gilda S. Comparative evaluation of 0.1% turmeric mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinical and microbiological study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012 Jul;16(3):386-91.
22. World Health Organization, 2008. Traditional Medicine Fact Sheet Number 134. Available at: https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB134/B134_24-en.pdf
23. Kumar VS, Navaratnam V. Neem (Azadirachta indica): prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013 Jul;3(7):505-14.
24. Morton, Julia Frances. "Mango". Fruits of Warm Climates. New CROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University. 1987:221-39.
25. Kathariya M, Adhimuthu A, Kathariya R, Prasanna P, Kathariya R, Bhate K. Effect of water soluble neem metabolite (soluneem) compared to chlorhexidine on common oral bacteria: an in vitro
study. Oral Health Dent Manage. 2014;13:1086-90.
26. Elangovan A, Muranga J, Joseph E. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of four chewing sticks commonly used in South India: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2012 Nov;23(6):840.
27. Devi AR, Singh V, Bhatt AB. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Streptococcus against commercially available drugs and comparison with extract of Punica granatum. Int J of Pharma and Bio Sci. 2011 Jan;2(2):504-8.
28. Prashant GM, Chandu GN, Murulikrishna KS, Shafiulla MD. The effect of mango and neem extract on four organisms causing dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivavius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2007 Oct;18:148-51.
29. Kankariya AR, Patel AR, Kunte SS. The effect of different concentrations of water soluble azadirachtin (neem metabolite) on Streptococcus mutans compared with chlorhexidine. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2016 Apr;34:105-10.
30. Carvalho JC, Figueredo CS, Mestrinho HD. Clinical report on plaque formation, distribution and maturation within the primary, mixed and permanent dentitions. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2009 Dec;10(4):193-9.
31. Bimstein E, Matsson L. Growth and development considerations in the diagnosis of gingivitis and periodontitis in children. Pediatr Dent. 1999 May;21:186-91.
32. Hunter PB. Risk factors in dental caries. Int Dent J. 1988 Dec;38(4):211-7.
33. Bhat SS, Hegde KS, Mathew C, Bhat SV, Shyamjith M. Comparative evaluation of Mangifera indica leaf mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary streptococcal growth. Indian J Dent Res. 2017 Mar;28:151-5.
34. Baliga S, Muglikar S, Kale R. Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker. J Ind Soc Periodontol. 2013 Jul;17(4),461-5.
35. Hegazy SA, Awad SM. Antibacterial effect of plant extracts on plaque and saliva in a group of high caries risk children. Egypt Dent J. 2012;56(4).
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| Issue | Vol 17 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v17i11.4128 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Chlorhexidine Oral Hygiene Herbal Medicine Saliva | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Dandekar N, Winnier J. Assessment of Antiplaque and Anti-gingivitis Efficacy of Mouthwashes Prepared from Neem and Mango Extracts. Front Dent. 2020;17.
