Relationship between Parafunctional Habits and Salivary Biomarkers
-
Mina Khayamzadeh
,
Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah
,
Pegah Aghababainejad
,
Sareh Habibzadeh
,
Mohammad Javad Kharazifard
Abstract
Objectives: Parafunctional habits, as one of the etiological factors of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), are an individual’s response to increased stress. During stress and depression, biomarkers such as cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) are secreted in the saliva. The present study aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between salivary stress biomarkers and parafunctional habits.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-two cases, from May to September 2015, were selected based on two standard stress questionnaires, namely the depression anxiety stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Saliva samples were collected to examine the level of unstimulated salivary cortisol and SAA. The significance of the results was assessed via student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney test (α=0.05).
Results: The mean concentrations of cortisol and SAA in unstimulated saliva were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P=0.01 and 0.44, respectively). The mean scores of anxiety, stress, and depression were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that the levels of salivary cortisol and SAA, as well as stress, anxiety, and depression scores, are higher in patients with parafunctional habits.
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16. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sydney, N.S.W., Psychology Foundation, 1995:31-42.
17. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988 Dec;56(6):893-7.
18. Qays S, Hadi R. Assessment of cortisol as salivary psychological stress marker in relation to temporomandibular disorders among a sample of dental students. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2015;27(2):86-92.
19. Nater UM, Rohleder N, Gaab J, Berger S, Jud A, Kirschbaum C, et al. Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial
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20. Ali S, Hadi R. An Assessment of Alpha-Amylase as Salivary Psychological Stress Marker in Relation to Temporomandibular Disorders among a Sample of Dental Students. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2015;27(4): 90-95.
21. Nater UM, Rohleder N. Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 May;34(4):486-96.
22. Pierce CJ, Chrisman K, Bennett ME, Close JM. Stress, anticipatory stress, and psychologic measures related to sleep bruxism. J Orofac Pain. 1995 Winter;9(1):51-6.
23. Alves AC, Alchieri JC, Barbosa GA. Bruxism. Masticatory implications and anxiety. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2013;26(1):15-22.
24. Lobbezoo F, Naeije M. Bruxism is mainly regulated centrally, not peripherally. J Oral Rehabil. 2001 Dec;28(12):1085-91.
25. Kanehira H, Agariguchi A, Kato H, Yoshimine S, Inoue H. Association between stress and temporomandibular disorder. Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi. 2008 Jul;52(3):375-80.
26. Bayar GR, Tutuncu R, Acikel C. Psychopathological profile of patients with different forms of bruxism. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb;16(1):305-11.
27. Ahlberg J, Rantala M, Savolainen A, Suvinen T, Nissinen M, Sarna S, et al. Reported bruxism and stress experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002 Dec;30(6):405-8.
28. Van den Bos R, Taris R, Scheppink B, de Haan L, Verster JC. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels during an assessment procedure correlate differently with risk-taking measures in male and female police recruits. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014 Jan 16;7:219.
29. Engert V, Vogel S, Efanov SI, Duchesne A, Corbo V, Ali N, et al. Investigation into the cross-correlation of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase responses to psychological stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Oct;36(9):1294-302.
30. Mannie ZN, Harmer CJ, Cowen PJ. Increased waking salivary cortisol levels in young people at familial risk of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;164(4):617-21.
31. 31.Vedhara K, Miles J, Bennett P, Plummer S, Tallon D, Brooks E, et al. J. An investigation into the relationship between salivary cortisol, stress, anxiety and depression. Biol Psychol. 2003 Feb;62(2):89-96.
32. Tanti I, Himawan LS, Kusdhany L. Development of Questionnaire to Determine the Etiology of Temporomandibular Disorders. Int J Clin Prev Dent. 2014;10(2):103-8.
33. Matsuda S, Yamaguchi T, Okada K, Gotouda A, Mikami S. Day-to-day variations in salivary cortisol measurements. J Prosthodont Res. 2012 Jan;56(1):37-41.
2. Cawson RA, Odell EW, Porter SR. Cawson’s Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine. 7th ed. Edinburgh, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002:364-6.
3. Wieckiewicz M, Paradowska-Stolarz A, Wieckiewicz W. Psychosocial aspects of bruxism: the most paramount factor influencing teeth grinding. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014:469187.
4. Emodi-Perlman A, Eli I, Friedman-Rubin P, Goldsmith C, Reiter S, Winocur E. Bruxism, oral parafunctions, anamnestic and clinical findings of temporomandibular disorders in children. J Oral Rehabil. 2012 Feb;39(2):126-35.
5. Winocur E, Uziel N, Lisha T, Goldsmith C, Eli I. Self-reported bruxism - associations with perceived stress, motivation for control, dental anxiety and gagging. J Oral Rehabil. 2011 Jan;38(1):3-11.
6. DeCaro JA. Methodological considerations in the use of salivary alpha‐amylase as a stress marker in field research. Am J Hum Biol. 2008 Sep-Oct;20(5):617-9.
7. Ivković N, Božović Đ, Račić M, Popović-Grubač D, Davidović B. Biomarkers of Stress in Saliva. Acta Fac Medicae Naissensis. 2015 Jun;32(2):91-99.
8. Bess FH, Gustafson SJ, Corbett BA, Lambert EW, Camarata SM, Hornsby BW. Salivary Cortisol Profiles of Children with Hearing Loss. Ear Hear. 2016 May-Jun;37(3):334-44.
9. Karakoulaki S, Tortopidis D, Andreadis D, Koidis P. Relationship Between Sleep Bruxism and Stress Determined by Saliva Biomarkers. Int J Prosthodont. 2015 Sep-Oct;28(5):467-74.
10. Castelo PM, Barbosa Tde S, Pereira LJ, Fonseca FL, Gavião MB. Awakening salivary cortisol levels of children with sleep bruxism. Clin Biochem. 2012 Jun;45(9):651-4.
11. Hill-Soderlund AL, Holochwost SJ, Willoughby MT, Granger DA, Gariépy JL, Mills-Koonce WR, et al. The developmental course of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol from 12 to 36 months: Relations with early poverty and later behavior problems. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015 Feb;52:311-23.
12. Strahler J, Berndt C, Kirschbaum C, Rohleder N. Aging diurnal rhythms and chronic stress: Distinct alteration of diurnal rhythmicity of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol. Biol Psychol. 2010 May;84(2):248-56.
13. Amato JN, Tuon RA, Castelo PM, Gavião MB, Barbosa Tde S. Assessment of sleep bruxism, orthodontic treatment need, orofacial dysfunctions and salivary biomarkers in asthmatic children. Arch Oral Biol. 2015 May;60(5):698-705.
14. Lambert CA, Sanders A, Wilder RS, Slade GD, Van Uum S, Russell E, et al. Chronic HPA axis response to stress in temporomandibular disorder. J Dent Hyg. 2013 Apr;87(2):73-81.
15. Kobayashi FY, Gavião MBD, Marquezin MCS, Fonseca FLA, Montes ABM, Barbosa TS, et al. Salivary stress biomarkers and anxiety symptoms in children with and without temporomandibular disorders. Braz Oral Res. 2017 Sep 28;28; 31:e78.
16. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sydney, N.S.W., Psychology Foundation, 1995:31-42.
17. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988 Dec;56(6):893-7.
18. Qays S, Hadi R. Assessment of cortisol as salivary psychological stress marker in relation to temporomandibular disorders among a sample of dental students. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2015;27(2):86-92.
19. Nater UM, Rohleder N, Gaab J, Berger S, Jud A, Kirschbaum C, et al. Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial
stress paradigm. Int J Psychophysiol. 2005 Mar;55(3):333-42.
20. Ali S, Hadi R. An Assessment of Alpha-Amylase as Salivary Psychological Stress Marker in Relation to Temporomandibular Disorders among a Sample of Dental Students. J Bagh Coll Dent. 2015;27(4): 90-95.
21. Nater UM, Rohleder N. Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 May;34(4):486-96.
22. Pierce CJ, Chrisman K, Bennett ME, Close JM. Stress, anticipatory stress, and psychologic measures related to sleep bruxism. J Orofac Pain. 1995 Winter;9(1):51-6.
23. Alves AC, Alchieri JC, Barbosa GA. Bruxism. Masticatory implications and anxiety. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2013;26(1):15-22.
24. Lobbezoo F, Naeije M. Bruxism is mainly regulated centrally, not peripherally. J Oral Rehabil. 2001 Dec;28(12):1085-91.
25. Kanehira H, Agariguchi A, Kato H, Yoshimine S, Inoue H. Association between stress and temporomandibular disorder. Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi. 2008 Jul;52(3):375-80.
26. Bayar GR, Tutuncu R, Acikel C. Psychopathological profile of patients with different forms of bruxism. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb;16(1):305-11.
27. Ahlberg J, Rantala M, Savolainen A, Suvinen T, Nissinen M, Sarna S, et al. Reported bruxism and stress experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002 Dec;30(6):405-8.
28. Van den Bos R, Taris R, Scheppink B, de Haan L, Verster JC. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels during an assessment procedure correlate differently with risk-taking measures in male and female police recruits. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014 Jan 16;7:219.
29. Engert V, Vogel S, Efanov SI, Duchesne A, Corbo V, Ali N, et al. Investigation into the cross-correlation of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase responses to psychological stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Oct;36(9):1294-302.
30. Mannie ZN, Harmer CJ, Cowen PJ. Increased waking salivary cortisol levels in young people at familial risk of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;164(4):617-21.
31. 31.Vedhara K, Miles J, Bennett P, Plummer S, Tallon D, Brooks E, et al. J. An investigation into the relationship between salivary cortisol, stress, anxiety and depression. Biol Psychol. 2003 Feb;62(2):89-96.
32. Tanti I, Himawan LS, Kusdhany L. Development of Questionnaire to Determine the Etiology of Temporomandibular Disorders. Int J Clin Prev Dent. 2014;10(2):103-8.
33. Matsuda S, Yamaguchi T, Okada K, Gotouda A, Mikami S. Day-to-day variations in salivary cortisol measurements. J Prosthodont Res. 2012 Jan;56(1):37-41.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16, No 6 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v16i6.3446 | |
| Keywords | ||
| alpha-Amylases Anxiety Cortisol Depression Habits | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Khayamzadeh M, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Aghababainejad P, Habibzadeh S, Kharazifard MJ. Relationship between Parafunctional Habits and Salivary Biomarkers. Front Dent. 2020;16(6):465-472.
