Nickel and Chromium Ion Release from Orthodontic Wires Subjected to Various Drinks and Distilled Water
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the quantity of nickel and chromium ions released from orthodontic wires when subjected to various beverage solutions and distilled water.
Materials and Methods: Orthodontic appliances composed of five brackets, one band and 0.016-inch stainless steel and nickel titanium wires were immersed in Coke, tea, coffee and distilled water. The samples were incubated at 37℃ for 1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, and one week. There was a total of 120 appliances divided into 24 groups (n=5 in each group). Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to examine the amount of released ions. Two-way and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test were used for statistical analysis and P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The release of nickel ions from both wires was highest in Coke and lowest in distilled water at all time points. Coffee and tea demonstrated values in-between these two limits. Similarly, chromium ion release from both wires was highest in Coke at all time-points compared to all other solutions (P<0.05). None of the other tested drinks showed significant differences in chromium ion release compared to distilled water.
Conclusion: Restricting the intake of acidic drinks, particularly carbonated beverages like Coke, plays a critical role in safeguarding orthodontic wire components. Educating patients and providing dietary guidelines are essential for maximizing treatment effectiveness. Further research is required to investigate additional factors impacting ion release and devising methods to mitigate potential harm.
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2. Chaturvedi TP, Upadhayay SN. An overview of orthodontic material degradation in oral cavity. Indian J Dent Res. 2010 Apr-Jun;21(2):275-84.
3. Jahanbin A, Shahabi M, Mokhber N, Tavakkolian Ardakani E. Comparison of nickel ion release and corrosion sites among commonly used stainless steel brackets in Iran. J Mash Dent Sch. 2009 Jan 1;33(1):17-24.
4. Mikulewicz M, Wołowiec P, Loster BW, Chojnacka K. Do soft drinks affect metal ions release from orthodontic appliances? J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015;31:74-7.
5. Yip HH, Wong RW, Hägg U. Complications of orthodontic treatment: are soft drinks a risk factor? World J Orthod. 2009 Spring;10(1):33-40.
6. Hafez AM. Evaluation of the effect of different beverages on the mechanical properties of orthodontic arch wires. Egyptian Orthodontic Journal. 2017 Dec 1;52(December 2017):6-15.
7. Yu JH, Wu LC, Hsu JT, Chang YY, Huang HH, Hung HL. Surface roughness and topography of four commonly used types of orthodontic archwires. J Med Biol Eng. 2011;31:367–70.
8. Mirhashemi SA, Jahangiri S, Moghaddam MM, Bahrami R. Assessment of the rate of orthodontic appliances ion release in different mouthwashes: An overview. Journal of Dental Medicine. 2020 Jan 10;4(32):255-64.
9. Bhaskar V, Subba Reddy VV. Biodegradation of nickel and chromium from space maintainers: an in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2010 Jan-Mar;28(1):6-12.
10. Yanisarapan T, Thunyakitpisal P, Chantarawaratit PO. Corrosion of metal orthodontic brackets and archwires caused by fluoride-containing products: Cytotoxicity, metal ion release and surface roughness. Orthod Waves. 2018 Jun 1;77(2):79-89.
11. Milheiro A, Kleverlaan C, Muris J, Feilzer A, Pallav P. Nickel release from orthodontic retention wires-the action of mechanical loading and pH. Dent Mater. 2012 May;28(5):548-53.
12. Tahmasbi S, Ghorbani M, Masudrad M. Galvanic Corrosion of and Ion Release from Various Orthodontic Brackets and Wires in a Fluoride-containing Mouthwash. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2015 Summer;9(3):159-65.
13. Jamilian A, Moghaddas O, Toopchi S, Perillo L. Comparison of nickel and chromium ions released from stainless steel and NiTi wires after immersion in Oral B®, Orthokin® and artificial saliva. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2014 Jul 1;15(4):403-6.
14. Kararia V, Jain P, Chaudhary S, Kararia N. Estimation of changes in nickel and chromium content in nickel-titanium and stainless steel orthodontic wires used during orthodontic treatment: An analytical and scanning electron microscopic study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015 Jan-Mar;6(1):44-50.
15. Sabzevari B, Abbasi Shaye Z, Vakili V, Vakili K. Assessment the release of nickel ion from simulated orthodontic appliances for orthognathic patients and comparison with safe level of nickel. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015 Sep 10;14(6):455-66.
16. Butt M, Mengal N, Ahmed M. A comparison of nickel ion release in saliva between orthodontic and non-orthodontic patients. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal. 2020 Apr 30;70(2):328-.
17. Suárez C, Vilar T, Gil J, Sevilla P. In vitro evaluation of surface topographic changes and nickel release of lingual orthodontic archwires. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010 Feb;21(2):675-83.
18. Kuhta M, Pavlin D, Slaj M, Varga S, Lapter-Varga M, Slaj M. Type of archwire and level of acidity: effects on the release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod. 2009 Jan;79(1):102-10.
19. Sfondrini MF, Cacciafesta V, Maffia E, Massironi S, Scribante A, Alberti G, et al. Chromium release from new stainless steel, recycled and nickel-free orthodontic brackets. Angle Orthod. 2009 Mar;79(2):361-7.
20. Schiff N, Dalard F, Lissac M, Morgon L, Grosgogeat B. Corrosion resistance of three orthodontic brackets: a comparative study of three fluoride mouthwashes. Eur J Orthod. 2005 Dec;27(6):541-9.
21. Azizi A, Jamilian A, Nucci F, Kamali Z, Hosseinikhoo N, Perillo L. Release of metal ions from round and rectangular NiTi wires. Prog Orthod. 2016;17:10.
22. Ghazal AR, Hajeer MY, Al-Sabbagh R, Alghoraibi I, Aldiry A. An evaluation of two types of nickel-titanium wires in terms of micromorphology and nickel ions' release following oral environment exposure. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:9.
23. Gil FJ, Espinar E, Llamas JM, Manero JM, Ginebra MP. Variation of the superelastic properties and nickel release from original and reused NiTi orthodontic archwires. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012 Feb;6:113-9.
24. Gürsoy S, Acar AG, Seşen C. Comparison of metal release from new and recycled bracket-archwire combinations. Angle Orthod. 2005 Jan;75(1):92-4.
25. Sheibaninia A. Effect of thermocycling on nickel release from orthodontic arch wires: an in vitro study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014 Dec;162(1-3):353-9.
26. Wendl B, Wiltsche H, Lankmayr E, Winsauer H, Walter A, Muchitsch A, et al. Metal release profiles of orthodontic bands, brackets, and wires: an in vitro study. J Orofac Orthop. 2017 Nov;78(6):494-503.
27. Arndt M, Brück A, Scully T, Jäger A, Bourauel C. Nickel ion release from orthodontic NiTi wires under simulation of realistic in-situ conditions. Journal of materials science. 2005 Jul; 40:3659-67.
28. Huang HH, Chiu YH, Lee TH, Wu SC, Yang HW, Su KH, Hsu CC. Ion release from NiTi orthodontic wires in artificial saliva with various acidities. Biomaterials. 2003 Sep;24(20):3585-92.
29. Shahabi M, Jahanbin A, Esmaily H, Sharifi H, Salari S. Comparison of some dietary habits on corrosion behavior of stainless steel brackets: an in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2011 Summer;35(4):429-32.
2. Chaturvedi TP, Upadhayay SN. An overview of orthodontic material degradation in oral cavity. Indian J Dent Res. 2010 Apr-Jun;21(2):275-84.
3. Jahanbin A, Shahabi M, Mokhber N, Tavakkolian Ardakani E. Comparison of nickel ion release and corrosion sites among commonly used stainless steel brackets in Iran. J Mash Dent Sch. 2009 Jan 1;33(1):17-24.
4. Mikulewicz M, Wołowiec P, Loster BW, Chojnacka K. Do soft drinks affect metal ions release from orthodontic appliances? J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015;31:74-7.
5. Yip HH, Wong RW, Hägg U. Complications of orthodontic treatment: are soft drinks a risk factor? World J Orthod. 2009 Spring;10(1):33-40.
6. Hafez AM. Evaluation of the effect of different beverages on the mechanical properties of orthodontic arch wires. Egyptian Orthodontic Journal. 2017 Dec 1;52(December 2017):6-15.
7. Yu JH, Wu LC, Hsu JT, Chang YY, Huang HH, Hung HL. Surface roughness and topography of four commonly used types of orthodontic archwires. J Med Biol Eng. 2011;31:367–70.
8. Mirhashemi SA, Jahangiri S, Moghaddam MM, Bahrami R. Assessment of the rate of orthodontic appliances ion release in different mouthwashes: An overview. Journal of Dental Medicine. 2020 Jan 10;4(32):255-64.
9. Bhaskar V, Subba Reddy VV. Biodegradation of nickel and chromium from space maintainers: an in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2010 Jan-Mar;28(1):6-12.
10. Yanisarapan T, Thunyakitpisal P, Chantarawaratit PO. Corrosion of metal orthodontic brackets and archwires caused by fluoride-containing products: Cytotoxicity, metal ion release and surface roughness. Orthod Waves. 2018 Jun 1;77(2):79-89.
11. Milheiro A, Kleverlaan C, Muris J, Feilzer A, Pallav P. Nickel release from orthodontic retention wires-the action of mechanical loading and pH. Dent Mater. 2012 May;28(5):548-53.
12. Tahmasbi S, Ghorbani M, Masudrad M. Galvanic Corrosion of and Ion Release from Various Orthodontic Brackets and Wires in a Fluoride-containing Mouthwash. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2015 Summer;9(3):159-65.
13. Jamilian A, Moghaddas O, Toopchi S, Perillo L. Comparison of nickel and chromium ions released from stainless steel and NiTi wires after immersion in Oral B®, Orthokin® and artificial saliva. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2014 Jul 1;15(4):403-6.
14. Kararia V, Jain P, Chaudhary S, Kararia N. Estimation of changes in nickel and chromium content in nickel-titanium and stainless steel orthodontic wires used during orthodontic treatment: An analytical and scanning electron microscopic study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015 Jan-Mar;6(1):44-50.
15. Sabzevari B, Abbasi Shaye Z, Vakili V, Vakili K. Assessment the release of nickel ion from simulated orthodontic appliances for orthognathic patients and comparison with safe level of nickel. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015 Sep 10;14(6):455-66.
16. Butt M, Mengal N, Ahmed M. A comparison of nickel ion release in saliva between orthodontic and non-orthodontic patients. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal. 2020 Apr 30;70(2):328-.
17. Suárez C, Vilar T, Gil J, Sevilla P. In vitro evaluation of surface topographic changes and nickel release of lingual orthodontic archwires. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010 Feb;21(2):675-83.
18. Kuhta M, Pavlin D, Slaj M, Varga S, Lapter-Varga M, Slaj M. Type of archwire and level of acidity: effects on the release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod. 2009 Jan;79(1):102-10.
19. Sfondrini MF, Cacciafesta V, Maffia E, Massironi S, Scribante A, Alberti G, et al. Chromium release from new stainless steel, recycled and nickel-free orthodontic brackets. Angle Orthod. 2009 Mar;79(2):361-7.
20. Schiff N, Dalard F, Lissac M, Morgon L, Grosgogeat B. Corrosion resistance of three orthodontic brackets: a comparative study of three fluoride mouthwashes. Eur J Orthod. 2005 Dec;27(6):541-9.
21. Azizi A, Jamilian A, Nucci F, Kamali Z, Hosseinikhoo N, Perillo L. Release of metal ions from round and rectangular NiTi wires. Prog Orthod. 2016;17:10.
22. Ghazal AR, Hajeer MY, Al-Sabbagh R, Alghoraibi I, Aldiry A. An evaluation of two types of nickel-titanium wires in terms of micromorphology and nickel ions' release following oral environment exposure. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:9.
23. Gil FJ, Espinar E, Llamas JM, Manero JM, Ginebra MP. Variation of the superelastic properties and nickel release from original and reused NiTi orthodontic archwires. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012 Feb;6:113-9.
24. Gürsoy S, Acar AG, Seşen C. Comparison of metal release from new and recycled bracket-archwire combinations. Angle Orthod. 2005 Jan;75(1):92-4.
25. Sheibaninia A. Effect of thermocycling on nickel release from orthodontic arch wires: an in vitro study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014 Dec;162(1-3):353-9.
26. Wendl B, Wiltsche H, Lankmayr E, Winsauer H, Walter A, Muchitsch A, et al. Metal release profiles of orthodontic bands, brackets, and wires: an in vitro study. J Orofac Orthop. 2017 Nov;78(6):494-503.
27. Arndt M, Brück A, Scully T, Jäger A, Bourauel C. Nickel ion release from orthodontic NiTi wires under simulation of realistic in-situ conditions. Journal of materials science. 2005 Jul; 40:3659-67.
28. Huang HH, Chiu YH, Lee TH, Wu SC, Yang HW, Su KH, Hsu CC. Ion release from NiTi orthodontic wires in artificial saliva with various acidities. Biomaterials. 2003 Sep;24(20):3585-92.
29. Shahabi M, Jahanbin A, Esmaily H, Sharifi H, Salari S. Comparison of some dietary habits on corrosion behavior of stainless steel brackets: an in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2011 Summer;35(4):429-32.
| Issue | Vol 20 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v20i33.13639 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Ions Nickel Chromium Coffee Tea Carbonated Beverages Orthodontics | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mirhashemi S, Jahangiri S, Mahdavi Moghaddam M, Bahrami R. Nickel and Chromium Ion Release from Orthodontic Wires Subjected to Various Drinks and Distilled Water. Front Dent. 2023;20.
