Comparative Effects of Three Bleaching Techniques on Tooth Discoloration Caused by Tea
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of three different bleaching protocols on tooth discoloration caused by tea.
Materials and Methods: Forty extracted sound premolars were cleaned, disinfected, and their initial color parameters were measured (T1). The teeth were then immersed in boiled tea solution for 24 hours, and their color was measured again (T2). The samples were divided into four groups of 10 teeth each. Group A was treated with an in-office bleaching gel followed by 30 seconds of light curing. Groups B, C, and D were respectively treated with 0.24M oxalic acid followed by bleaching gel, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite followed by bleaching gel, and a combination of 0.24M oxalic acid, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, and bleaching gel. The color was measured once more after the interventions (T3). Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA, paired sample t-test, and Tukey's test.
Results: The mean color change (∆E2) between T2 and T3 was significantly higher in group D compared to group A (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in color change between groups A, B, and C. Additionally, there was no significant difference in color change between groups B, C, and D. The groups also showed significant differences in ∆L (P=0.007), with the only significant difference found between groups B and C (P=0.001).
Conclusion: The combined use of sodium hypochlorite and oxalic acid followed by in-office bleaching gel is more effective than bleaching alone in correcting tooth discoloration caused by tea. This protocol can further reduce yellow coloration.
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2. Peterson J, Dwyer J, Bhagwat S, Haytowitz D, Holden J, Eldridge AL, Beecher G, Aladesanmi J. Major flavonoids in dry tea. J Food Compost Anal. 2005 Sep 1;18(6):487-501.
3. Del Rio D, Stewart AJ, Mullen W, Burns J, Lean ME, Brighenti F, et al. HPLC-MSn analysis of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids in green and black tea. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May 19;52(10):2807-15.
4. Plotino G, Buono L, Grande NM, Pameijer CH, Somma F. Nonvital tooth bleaching: a review of the literature and clinical procedures. J Endod. 2008 Apr;34(4):394-407.
5. Reinhardt G, inventor; Clariant Finance BVI Ltd, assignee. Bleach Catalyst Mixtures Consisting Of Manganese Salts And Oxalic Acid Or The Salts Thereof. United States patent application US 13/060,828. 2011 Jun 23.
6. Lee SO, Tran T, Jung BH, Kim SJ, Kim MJ. Dissolution of iron oxide using oxalic acid. Hydrometallurgy. 2007 Jul 1;87(3-4):91-9.
7. Sultana UK, Kurny AS. Dissolution kinetics of iron oxides in clay in oxalic acid solutions. International J Miner Metall Mater. 2012 Dec;19:1083-7.
8. Penumatsa NV, Sharanesha RB. Bleaching of fluorosis stains using sodium hypochlorite. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015 Aug;7(Suppl 2):S766-8.
9. Cárdenas Flores A, Flores Reyes H, Gordillo Moscoso A, Castanedo Cázares JP, Pozos Guillén Ade J. Clinical efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009 Spring;33(3):187-91.
10. Belkhir MS, Douki N. An new concept for removal of dental fluorosis stains. J Endod. 1991 Jun;17(6):288-92.
11. Ghousia S, Sathyajith NN, Reddy VV. Spectrophotometric analysis on bleaching efficacy of blood stained demineralized and deproteinized dentin--an in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010 Summer;34(4):303-8.
12. Sulieman M, Addy M, Rees JS. Development and evaluation of a method in vitro to study the effectiveness of tooth bleaching. J Dent. 2003 Aug;31(6):415-22.
13. Taxiarchou M, Panias D, Douni I, Paspaliaris I, Kontopoulos A. Dissolution of hematite in acidic oxalate solutions. Hydrometallurgy. 1997 Mar 1;44(3):287-99.
14. Chapple JA. Hints and queries. Dent Cosmos. 1877;19:499.
15. Joiner A, Luo W. Tooth colour and whiteness: A review. J Dent. 2017 Dec;67S:S3-S10.
16. Zhu W, Liu C, Pan J. [Assessment of tooth bleaching efficacy with spectrophotometer]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014 Jun;32(3):259-62.
17. Blesa MA, Marinovich HA, Baumgartner EC, Maroto AJ. Mechanism of dissolution of magnetite by oxalic acid-ferrous ion solutions. Inorganic Chemistry. 1987 Nov;26(22):3713-7.
18. Borghi EB, Alí SP, Morando PJ, Blesa MA. Cleaning of stainless steel surfaces and oxide dissolution by malonic and oxalic acids. J Nucl Mater. 1996 Apr 2;229:115-23.
19. Filip M, Moldovan M, Vlassa MI, Sarosi C, Cojocaru IL. HPLC Determination of the Main Organic Acids in Teeth Bleaching Gels Prepared with the Natural Fruit Juices. Rev Chim. 2016 Dec 1;67:2440-5.
20. Orlowski JA, Butler DV, Noss AP, Mapar M, inventors; Scientific Pharmaceuticals Inc, assignee. Teeth whitening composition in the form of a chewing gum. United States patent US 6,696,043. 2004 Feb 24.
21. Lo Giudice G, Cicciù D, Cervino G, Lizio A, Panarello C, Cicciù M. Effects of Photoactivation in Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide. Spectrophotometric Evaluation. Dentistry. 2011 1(3): 1000111
22. Nakatani H, Mine A, Matsumoto M, Tajiri Y, Hagino R, Yumitate M, et al. Effectiveness of pretreatment with phosphoric acid, sodium hypochlorite and sulfinic acid sodium salt on root canal dentin resin bonding. J Prosthodont Res. 2020 Jul;64(3):272-280.
23. Gupta A, Dhingra R, Chaudhuri P, Gupta A. A comparison of various minimally invasive techniques for the removal of dental fluorosis stains in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017 Jul-Sep;35(3):260-268.
24. Li S, Lo CY, Pan MH, Lai CS, Ho CT. Black tea: chemical analysis and stability. Food Funct. 2013 Jan;4(1):10-8.
25. Valizadeh S, Asiaie Z, Kiomarsi N, Kharazifard MJ. Color stability of self-adhering composite resins in different solutions. Dent Med Probl. 2020 Jan-Mar;57(1):31-38.
26. Zhu MM, Li YL, Pan J. [Staining effect of bovine incisors in vitro by tea solutions]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2018 Dec 18;50(6):1083-1087. Chinese.
27. Vaz VTP, Jubilato DP, Oliveira MRM, Bortolatto JF, Floros MC, Dantas AAR, et al. Whitening toothpaste containing activated charcoal, blue covarine, hydrogen peroxide or microbeads: which one is the most effective? J Appl Oral Sci. 2019 Jan 14;27:e20180051.
28. Gasparri F, Schemehorn BR, Zanardi A. Efficacy of Teeth Whitening with a Mouthwash: In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches. J Clin Dent. 2018 Mar;29(1):13-17.
29. Farawati FAL, Hsu SM, O'Neill E, Neal D, Clark A, Esquivel-Upshaw J. Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching on enamel characteristics and susceptibility to further discoloration. J Prosthet Dent. 2019 Feb;121(2):340-346.
30. Amaechi BT, Higham SM. Development of a quantitative method to monitor the effect of a tooth whitening agent. J Clin Dent. 2002;13(3):100-3.
31. Sharp KA, Vanderkooi JM. Water in the half shell: structure of water, focusing on angular structure and solvation. Acc Chem Res. 2010 Feb 16;43(2):231-9.
32. Tartari T, Bachmann L, Maliza AG, Andrade FB, Duarte MA, Bramante CM. Tissue dissolution and modifications in dentin composition by different sodium hypochlorite concentrations. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016 May-Jun;24(3):291-8.
33. Luo W, Westland S, Brunton P, Ellwood R, Pretty IA, Mohan N. Comparison of the ability of different colour indices to assess changes in tooth whiteness. J Dent. 2007 Feb;35(2):109-16.
34. Gerlach RW, Barker ML, Sagel PA. Objective and subjective whitening response of two self-directed bleaching systems. Am J Dent. 2002 Sep;15 Spec No:7A-12A.
35. Martin-Biedma B, Gonzalez-Gonzalez T, Lopes M, Lopes L, Vilar R, Bahillo J, et al. Colorimeter and scanning electron microscopy analysis of teeth submitted to internal bleaching. J Endod. 2010 Feb;36(2):334-7.
36. Lima FG, Rotta TA, Penso S, Meireles SS, Demarco FF. In vitro evaluation of the whitening effect of mouth rinses containing hydrogen peroxide. Braz Oral Res. 2012 May-Jun;26(3):269-74.
37. iew C; American Dental Association. ADA guidelines for the acceptance of tooth-whitening products. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl. 2000;(28):S44-7. .
38. Miralles AJ, Michelle FU, Krueger J, inventors; Ecolab USA Inc, assignee. Non-bleaching procedure for the removal of tea and coffee stains. 2018 Mar 21.
39. Juwita I, Triaminingsih S, Matram N. The effectiveness of a solution containing sodium hypochlorite 0.5% in removing tea discoloration on heat-cured acrylic resin. J. Phys;2018: Conf. Ser. 1073 062017
2. Peterson J, Dwyer J, Bhagwat S, Haytowitz D, Holden J, Eldridge AL, Beecher G, Aladesanmi J. Major flavonoids in dry tea. J Food Compost Anal. 2005 Sep 1;18(6):487-501.
3. Del Rio D, Stewart AJ, Mullen W, Burns J, Lean ME, Brighenti F, et al. HPLC-MSn analysis of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids in green and black tea. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May 19;52(10):2807-15.
4. Plotino G, Buono L, Grande NM, Pameijer CH, Somma F. Nonvital tooth bleaching: a review of the literature and clinical procedures. J Endod. 2008 Apr;34(4):394-407.
5. Reinhardt G, inventor; Clariant Finance BVI Ltd, assignee. Bleach Catalyst Mixtures Consisting Of Manganese Salts And Oxalic Acid Or The Salts Thereof. United States patent application US 13/060,828. 2011 Jun 23.
6. Lee SO, Tran T, Jung BH, Kim SJ, Kim MJ. Dissolution of iron oxide using oxalic acid. Hydrometallurgy. 2007 Jul 1;87(3-4):91-9.
7. Sultana UK, Kurny AS. Dissolution kinetics of iron oxides in clay in oxalic acid solutions. International J Miner Metall Mater. 2012 Dec;19:1083-7.
8. Penumatsa NV, Sharanesha RB. Bleaching of fluorosis stains using sodium hypochlorite. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015 Aug;7(Suppl 2):S766-8.
9. Cárdenas Flores A, Flores Reyes H, Gordillo Moscoso A, Castanedo Cázares JP, Pozos Guillén Ade J. Clinical efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009 Spring;33(3):187-91.
10. Belkhir MS, Douki N. An new concept for removal of dental fluorosis stains. J Endod. 1991 Jun;17(6):288-92.
11. Ghousia S, Sathyajith NN, Reddy VV. Spectrophotometric analysis on bleaching efficacy of blood stained demineralized and deproteinized dentin--an in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010 Summer;34(4):303-8.
12. Sulieman M, Addy M, Rees JS. Development and evaluation of a method in vitro to study the effectiveness of tooth bleaching. J Dent. 2003 Aug;31(6):415-22.
13. Taxiarchou M, Panias D, Douni I, Paspaliaris I, Kontopoulos A. Dissolution of hematite in acidic oxalate solutions. Hydrometallurgy. 1997 Mar 1;44(3):287-99.
14. Chapple JA. Hints and queries. Dent Cosmos. 1877;19:499.
15. Joiner A, Luo W. Tooth colour and whiteness: A review. J Dent. 2017 Dec;67S:S3-S10.
16. Zhu W, Liu C, Pan J. [Assessment of tooth bleaching efficacy with spectrophotometer]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014 Jun;32(3):259-62.
17. Blesa MA, Marinovich HA, Baumgartner EC, Maroto AJ. Mechanism of dissolution of magnetite by oxalic acid-ferrous ion solutions. Inorganic Chemistry. 1987 Nov;26(22):3713-7.
18. Borghi EB, Alí SP, Morando PJ, Blesa MA. Cleaning of stainless steel surfaces and oxide dissolution by malonic and oxalic acids. J Nucl Mater. 1996 Apr 2;229:115-23.
19. Filip M, Moldovan M, Vlassa MI, Sarosi C, Cojocaru IL. HPLC Determination of the Main Organic Acids in Teeth Bleaching Gels Prepared with the Natural Fruit Juices. Rev Chim. 2016 Dec 1;67:2440-5.
20. Orlowski JA, Butler DV, Noss AP, Mapar M, inventors; Scientific Pharmaceuticals Inc, assignee. Teeth whitening composition in the form of a chewing gum. United States patent US 6,696,043. 2004 Feb 24.
21. Lo Giudice G, Cicciù D, Cervino G, Lizio A, Panarello C, Cicciù M. Effects of Photoactivation in Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide. Spectrophotometric Evaluation. Dentistry. 2011 1(3): 1000111
22. Nakatani H, Mine A, Matsumoto M, Tajiri Y, Hagino R, Yumitate M, et al. Effectiveness of pretreatment with phosphoric acid, sodium hypochlorite and sulfinic acid sodium salt on root canal dentin resin bonding. J Prosthodont Res. 2020 Jul;64(3):272-280.
23. Gupta A, Dhingra R, Chaudhuri P, Gupta A. A comparison of various minimally invasive techniques for the removal of dental fluorosis stains in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017 Jul-Sep;35(3):260-268.
24. Li S, Lo CY, Pan MH, Lai CS, Ho CT. Black tea: chemical analysis and stability. Food Funct. 2013 Jan;4(1):10-8.
25. Valizadeh S, Asiaie Z, Kiomarsi N, Kharazifard MJ. Color stability of self-adhering composite resins in different solutions. Dent Med Probl. 2020 Jan-Mar;57(1):31-38.
26. Zhu MM, Li YL, Pan J. [Staining effect of bovine incisors in vitro by tea solutions]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2018 Dec 18;50(6):1083-1087. Chinese.
27. Vaz VTP, Jubilato DP, Oliveira MRM, Bortolatto JF, Floros MC, Dantas AAR, et al. Whitening toothpaste containing activated charcoal, blue covarine, hydrogen peroxide or microbeads: which one is the most effective? J Appl Oral Sci. 2019 Jan 14;27:e20180051.
28. Gasparri F, Schemehorn BR, Zanardi A. Efficacy of Teeth Whitening with a Mouthwash: In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches. J Clin Dent. 2018 Mar;29(1):13-17.
29. Farawati FAL, Hsu SM, O'Neill E, Neal D, Clark A, Esquivel-Upshaw J. Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching on enamel characteristics and susceptibility to further discoloration. J Prosthet Dent. 2019 Feb;121(2):340-346.
30. Amaechi BT, Higham SM. Development of a quantitative method to monitor the effect of a tooth whitening agent. J Clin Dent. 2002;13(3):100-3.
31. Sharp KA, Vanderkooi JM. Water in the half shell: structure of water, focusing on angular structure and solvation. Acc Chem Res. 2010 Feb 16;43(2):231-9.
32. Tartari T, Bachmann L, Maliza AG, Andrade FB, Duarte MA, Bramante CM. Tissue dissolution and modifications in dentin composition by different sodium hypochlorite concentrations. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016 May-Jun;24(3):291-8.
33. Luo W, Westland S, Brunton P, Ellwood R, Pretty IA, Mohan N. Comparison of the ability of different colour indices to assess changes in tooth whiteness. J Dent. 2007 Feb;35(2):109-16.
34. Gerlach RW, Barker ML, Sagel PA. Objective and subjective whitening response of two self-directed bleaching systems. Am J Dent. 2002 Sep;15 Spec No:7A-12A.
35. Martin-Biedma B, Gonzalez-Gonzalez T, Lopes M, Lopes L, Vilar R, Bahillo J, et al. Colorimeter and scanning electron microscopy analysis of teeth submitted to internal bleaching. J Endod. 2010 Feb;36(2):334-7.
36. Lima FG, Rotta TA, Penso S, Meireles SS, Demarco FF. In vitro evaluation of the whitening effect of mouth rinses containing hydrogen peroxide. Braz Oral Res. 2012 May-Jun;26(3):269-74.
37. iew C; American Dental Association. ADA guidelines for the acceptance of tooth-whitening products. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl. 2000;(28):S44-7. .
38. Miralles AJ, Michelle FU, Krueger J, inventors; Ecolab USA Inc, assignee. Non-bleaching procedure for the removal of tea and coffee stains. 2018 Mar 21.
39. Juwita I, Triaminingsih S, Matram N. The effectiveness of a solution containing sodium hypochlorite 0.5% in removing tea discoloration on heat-cured acrylic resin. J. Phys;2018: Conf. Ser. 1073 062017
| Issue | Vol 20 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v20i25.13343 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Tooth Bleaching Hydrogen Peroxide Oxalic Acid Sodium Hypochlorite Tea | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Panahandeh N, Mohammadkhani S, Sedighi S, Nejadkarimi S, Ghasemi A. Comparative Effects of Three Bleaching Techniques on Tooth Discoloration Caused by Tea. Front Dent. 2023;20.
