Effect of Hydrothermal, Chemical, and Mechanical Degradation on Flexural Strength and Phase Transformation of Ground, Glazed, and Polished Zirconia
Effect of degradation on zirconia
-
Nioosha Sarabi
,
Mahshid Mohammadi-Bassir
,
Forough Fadavi
,
Mohammad Bagher Rezvani
,
Fahimeh Dehestani-Ardakani
,
Hossein Labbaf
Abstract
Objectives: Evaluation of the effect of grinding on flexural strength of zirconia after low temperature degradation (LTD) and pH-cycling.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-four bar-shaped specimens of yttria-stabilized tetragonal polycrystalline zirconia were milled, sintered, wet-polished, and divided into 8 groups (N=8). The four control groups were not aged while artificial aging was performed in the 4 experimental groups in three steps including LTD in steam for 40h, pH-cycling, and tooth brushing for artificial aging. All groups underwent surface preparations as follows: standard polishing without surface treatment (Sp), grinding with a blue-yellow band diamond instrument (Gr); grinding with a diamond rotary instrument (DRI) and then over-glazing (Gl); grinding with a DRI followed by two-step intraoral polishing (Po); standard polishing and aging (Sp-Ag); grinding and aging (Gr-Ag), grinding, over-glazing and aging (Gl-Ag); and grinding, polishing and aging (Po-Ag). Monoclinic content was assessed in one specimen of each group by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The 3-point flexural strength test was performed in a universal testing machine. The results were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05).
Results: Mean flexural strength (Mpa) was significantly higher in groups Gr and Po compared to group Sp (both, P<0.0001) and group Gl (both, P<0.0001). In XRD analyses, the highest monoclinic phase before aging was observed in group Gr (12.6%), and after aging in group Gr-Ag (51.2%).
Conclusion: Grinding and polishing increased the flexural strength, while glazing did not exhibit any significant effect on this parameter. Furthermore, aging did not adversely affect flexural strength.
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2. Kamonkhantikul K, Arksornnukit M, Takahashi H, Kanehira M, Finger WJ. Polishing and toothbrushing alters the surface roughness and gloss of composite resins. Dent Mater J. 2014;33(5):599-606.
3. Peng MD, Wei JQ, Wang YN, Li Q. Microstructure and nanoindentation analyses of low-temperature aging on the zirconia-porcelain interface. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017 Feb;66:119-126.
4. Mohammadi-Bassir M, Babasafari M, Rezvani MB, Jamshidian M. Effect of coarse grinding, overglazing, and 2 polishing systems on the flexural strength, surface roughness, and phase transformation of yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2017 Nov;118(5):658-665
5. Khayat W, Chebib N, Finkelman M, Khayat S, Ali A. Effect of grinding and polishing on roughness and strength of zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2018 Apr;119(4):626-631.
6. Preis V, Schmalzbauer M, Bougeard D, Schneider-Feyrer S, Rosentritt M. Surface properties of monolithic zirconia after dental adjustment treatments and in vitro wear simulation. J Dent. 2015 Jan;43(1):133-9.
7. Subaşı MG, Demir N, Kara Ö, Ozturk AN, Özel F. Mechanical properties of zirconia after different surface treatments and repeated firings. J Adv Prosthodont. 2014 Dec;6(6):462-7.
8. Yener ES, Ozcan M, Kazazoğlu E. The effect of glazing on the biaxial flexural strength of different zirconia core materials. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011;24(2):133-40.
9. Kumchai H, Juntavee P, Sun AF, Nathanson D. Effect of Glazing on Flexural Strength of Full-Contour Zirconia. Int J Dent. 2018 Feb 5;2018:8793481.
10. Yener ES, Ozcan M, Kazazoglu E. A comparative study of biaxial flexural strength and Vickers microhardness of different zirconia materials: Effect of glazing and thermal cycling. Brazilian Dent Sci. 2015 Jun 12;18(2):19-30.
11. Turp V, Tuncelli B, Sen D, Goller G. Evaluation of hardness and fracture toughness, coupled with microstructural analysis, of zirconia ceramics stored in environments with different pH values. Dent Mater J. 2012;31(6):891-902.
12. Juy A, Llanes L, Anglada M. Strength of yttria-stabilised zirconia with near-surface grinding residual stresses. Paper presented at: ECF14, Cracow; 2002; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.
13. Kosmac T, Oblak C, Jevnikar P, Funduk N, Marion L. Strength and reliability of surface treated Y-TZP dental ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;53(4):304-13.
14. Hawsawi R. Investigating the Validity of the ISO 6872: 2015 ‘Dentistry-Ceramic Materials’ for Chemical Solubility [dissertation]. School of Clinical Dentistry,University of Sheffield;2018.
15. Alghazzawi TF, Lemons J, Liu PR, Essig ME, Bartolucci AA, Janowski GM. Influence of low-temperature environmental exposure on the mechanical properties and structural stability of dental zirconia. J Prosthodont. 2012 Jul;21(5):363-9.
16. Bergamo E, da Silva WJ, Cesar PF, Del Bel Cury AA. Fracture Load and Phase Transformation of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns Submitted to Different Aging Protocols. Oper Dent. 2016 Sep-Oct;41(5):E118-E130.
17. Cattani-Lorente M, Scherrer SS, Ammann P, Jobin M, Wiskott HW. Low temperature degradation of a Y-TZP dental ceramic. Acta Biomater. 2011 Feb;7(2):858-65.
18. Inokoshi M, Vanmeensel K, Zhang F, De Munck J, Eliades G, Minakuchi S.et al. Aging resistance of surface-treated dental zirconia. Dent Mater. 2015 Feb;31(2):182-94.
19. Candido LM, Fais LM, Reis JM, Pinelli LA. Surface roughness and hardness of yttria stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) after 10 years of simulated brushing. Rev Odontol. UNESP. 2014 Nov;43:379-83.
20. Takahashi R, Jin J, Nikaido T, Tagami J, Hickel R, Kunzelmann KH. Surface characterization of current composites after toothbrush abrasion. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(1):75-82.
21. Yuan JC, Barão VAR, Wee AG, Alfaro MF, Afshari FS, Sukotjo C. Effect of brushing and thermocycling on the shade and surface roughness of CAD-CAM ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 2018 Jun;119(6):1000-1006.
22. Rosentritt M, Sawaljanow A, Behr M, Kolbeck C, Preis V. Effect of tooth brush abrasion and thermo-mechanical loading on direct and indirect veneer restorations. Clin Oral Investig. 2015 Jan;19(1):53-60.
23. Chevalier J, Cales B, Drouin JM. Low-temperature aging of Y-TZP ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc. 1999 Aug;82(8):2150-4.
24. Carvalho FG, Sampaio CS, Fucio SB, Carlo HL, Correr-Sobrinho L, Puppin-Rontani RM. Effect of chemical and mechanical degradation on surface roughness of three glass ionomers and a nanofilled resin composite. Oper Dent. 2012 Sep-Oct;37(5):509-17.
25. Flinn BD, Raigrodski AJ, Mancl LA, Toivola R, Kuykendall T. Influence of aging on flexural strength of translucent zirconia for monolithic restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 2017 Feb;117(2):303-309.
26. Flinn BD, deGroot DA, Mancl LA, Raigrodski AJ. Accelerated aging characteristics of three yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline dental materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2012 Oct;108(4):223-30.
27. Flinn BD, Raigrodski AJ, Singh A, Mancl LA. Effect of hydrothermal degradation on three types of zirconias for dental application. J Prosthet Dent. 2014 Dec;112(6):1377-84.
28. Turssi CP, de Magalhães CS, Serra MC, Rodrigues Júnior AL. Surface roughness assessment of resin-based materials during brushing preceded by pH-cycling simulations. Oper Dent. 2001 Nov-Dec;26(6):576-84.
29. Pedrosa VO, Flório FM, Turssi CP, Amaral FL, Basting RT, França FM. Influence of pH cycling on the microtensile bond strength of self-etching adhesives containing MDPB and fluoride to dentin and microhardness of enamel and dentin adjacent to restorations. J Adhes Dent. 2012 Dec;14(6):525-34.
30. Backer AD, Münchow EA, Eckert GJ, Hara AT, Platt JA, Bottino MC. Effects of Simulated Gastric Juice on CAD/CAM Resin Composites-Morphological and Mechanical Evaluations. J Prosthodont. 2017 Jul;26(5):424-431.
31. Alnasser M, Finkelman M, Papathanasiou A, Suzuki M, Ghaffari R, Ali A. Effect of acidic pH on surface roughness of esthetic dental materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2019 Dec;122(6):567.e1-567.e8.
32. Harada K, Shinya A, Gomi H, Hatano Y, Shinya A, Raigrodski AJ. Effect of accelerated aging on the fracture toughness of zirconias. J Prosthet Dent. 2016 Feb;115(2):215-23.
33. Pinelli LA, Gimenes Olbera AC, Candido LM, Miotto LN, Antonio SG, Fais LM. Effects of whitening dentifrice on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal surfaces after simulating brushing. J Prosthet Dent. 2017 Jan;117(1):158-163.
34. Camacho GB, Vinha D, Panzeri H, Nonaka T, Gonçalves M. Surface roughness of a dental ceramic after polishing with different vehicles and diamond pastes. Braz Dent J. 2006;17(3):191-4.
35. Kosmac T, Oblak C, Jevnikar P, Funduk N, Marion L. The effect of surface grinding and sandblasting on flexural strength and reliability of Y-TZP zirconia ceramic. Dent Mater. 1999 Nov;15(6):426-33.
36. Bindl A, Lüthy H, Mörmann WH. Strength and fracture pattern of monolithic CAD/CAM-generated posterior crowns. Dent Mater. 2006 Jan;22(1):29-36.
37. Işeri U, Ozkurt Z, Yalnız A, Kazazoğlu E. Comparison of different grinding procedures on the flexural strength of zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2012 May;107(5):309-15.
38. Guazzato M, Quach L, Albakry M, Swain MV. Influence of surface and heat treatments on the flexural strength of Y-TZP dental ceramic. J Dent. 2005 Jan;33(1):9-18.
39. Qeblawi DM, Muñoz CA, Brewer JD, Monaco EA Jr. The effect of zirconia surface treatment on flexural strength and shear bond strength to a resin cement. J Prosthet Dent. 2010 Apr;103(4):210-20.
40. Ardlin BI. Transformation-toughened zirconia for dental inlays, crowns and bridges: chemical stability and effect of low-temperature aging on flexural strength and surface structure. Dent Mater. 2002 Dec;18(8):590-5.
2. Kamonkhantikul K, Arksornnukit M, Takahashi H, Kanehira M, Finger WJ. Polishing and toothbrushing alters the surface roughness and gloss of composite resins. Dent Mater J. 2014;33(5):599-606.
3. Peng MD, Wei JQ, Wang YN, Li Q. Microstructure and nanoindentation analyses of low-temperature aging on the zirconia-porcelain interface. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017 Feb;66:119-126.
4. Mohammadi-Bassir M, Babasafari M, Rezvani MB, Jamshidian M. Effect of coarse grinding, overglazing, and 2 polishing systems on the flexural strength, surface roughness, and phase transformation of yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2017 Nov;118(5):658-665
5. Khayat W, Chebib N, Finkelman M, Khayat S, Ali A. Effect of grinding and polishing on roughness and strength of zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2018 Apr;119(4):626-631.
6. Preis V, Schmalzbauer M, Bougeard D, Schneider-Feyrer S, Rosentritt M. Surface properties of monolithic zirconia after dental adjustment treatments and in vitro wear simulation. J Dent. 2015 Jan;43(1):133-9.
7. Subaşı MG, Demir N, Kara Ö, Ozturk AN, Özel F. Mechanical properties of zirconia after different surface treatments and repeated firings. J Adv Prosthodont. 2014 Dec;6(6):462-7.
8. Yener ES, Ozcan M, Kazazoğlu E. The effect of glazing on the biaxial flexural strength of different zirconia core materials. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011;24(2):133-40.
9. Kumchai H, Juntavee P, Sun AF, Nathanson D. Effect of Glazing on Flexural Strength of Full-Contour Zirconia. Int J Dent. 2018 Feb 5;2018:8793481.
10. Yener ES, Ozcan M, Kazazoglu E. A comparative study of biaxial flexural strength and Vickers microhardness of different zirconia materials: Effect of glazing and thermal cycling. Brazilian Dent Sci. 2015 Jun 12;18(2):19-30.
11. Turp V, Tuncelli B, Sen D, Goller G. Evaluation of hardness and fracture toughness, coupled with microstructural analysis, of zirconia ceramics stored in environments with different pH values. Dent Mater J. 2012;31(6):891-902.
12. Juy A, Llanes L, Anglada M. Strength of yttria-stabilised zirconia with near-surface grinding residual stresses. Paper presented at: ECF14, Cracow; 2002; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.
13. Kosmac T, Oblak C, Jevnikar P, Funduk N, Marion L. Strength and reliability of surface treated Y-TZP dental ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;53(4):304-13.
14. Hawsawi R. Investigating the Validity of the ISO 6872: 2015 ‘Dentistry-Ceramic Materials’ for Chemical Solubility [dissertation]. School of Clinical Dentistry,University of Sheffield;2018.
15. Alghazzawi TF, Lemons J, Liu PR, Essig ME, Bartolucci AA, Janowski GM. Influence of low-temperature environmental exposure on the mechanical properties and structural stability of dental zirconia. J Prosthodont. 2012 Jul;21(5):363-9.
16. Bergamo E, da Silva WJ, Cesar PF, Del Bel Cury AA. Fracture Load and Phase Transformation of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns Submitted to Different Aging Protocols. Oper Dent. 2016 Sep-Oct;41(5):E118-E130.
17. Cattani-Lorente M, Scherrer SS, Ammann P, Jobin M, Wiskott HW. Low temperature degradation of a Y-TZP dental ceramic. Acta Biomater. 2011 Feb;7(2):858-65.
18. Inokoshi M, Vanmeensel K, Zhang F, De Munck J, Eliades G, Minakuchi S.et al. Aging resistance of surface-treated dental zirconia. Dent Mater. 2015 Feb;31(2):182-94.
19. Candido LM, Fais LM, Reis JM, Pinelli LA. Surface roughness and hardness of yttria stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) after 10 years of simulated brushing. Rev Odontol. UNESP. 2014 Nov;43:379-83.
20. Takahashi R, Jin J, Nikaido T, Tagami J, Hickel R, Kunzelmann KH. Surface characterization of current composites after toothbrush abrasion. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(1):75-82.
21. Yuan JC, Barão VAR, Wee AG, Alfaro MF, Afshari FS, Sukotjo C. Effect of brushing and thermocycling on the shade and surface roughness of CAD-CAM ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 2018 Jun;119(6):1000-1006.
22. Rosentritt M, Sawaljanow A, Behr M, Kolbeck C, Preis V. Effect of tooth brush abrasion and thermo-mechanical loading on direct and indirect veneer restorations. Clin Oral Investig. 2015 Jan;19(1):53-60.
23. Chevalier J, Cales B, Drouin JM. Low-temperature aging of Y-TZP ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc. 1999 Aug;82(8):2150-4.
24. Carvalho FG, Sampaio CS, Fucio SB, Carlo HL, Correr-Sobrinho L, Puppin-Rontani RM. Effect of chemical and mechanical degradation on surface roughness of three glass ionomers and a nanofilled resin composite. Oper Dent. 2012 Sep-Oct;37(5):509-17.
25. Flinn BD, Raigrodski AJ, Mancl LA, Toivola R, Kuykendall T. Influence of aging on flexural strength of translucent zirconia for monolithic restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 2017 Feb;117(2):303-309.
26. Flinn BD, deGroot DA, Mancl LA, Raigrodski AJ. Accelerated aging characteristics of three yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline dental materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2012 Oct;108(4):223-30.
27. Flinn BD, Raigrodski AJ, Singh A, Mancl LA. Effect of hydrothermal degradation on three types of zirconias for dental application. J Prosthet Dent. 2014 Dec;112(6):1377-84.
28. Turssi CP, de Magalhães CS, Serra MC, Rodrigues Júnior AL. Surface roughness assessment of resin-based materials during brushing preceded by pH-cycling simulations. Oper Dent. 2001 Nov-Dec;26(6):576-84.
29. Pedrosa VO, Flório FM, Turssi CP, Amaral FL, Basting RT, França FM. Influence of pH cycling on the microtensile bond strength of self-etching adhesives containing MDPB and fluoride to dentin and microhardness of enamel and dentin adjacent to restorations. J Adhes Dent. 2012 Dec;14(6):525-34.
30. Backer AD, Münchow EA, Eckert GJ, Hara AT, Platt JA, Bottino MC. Effects of Simulated Gastric Juice on CAD/CAM Resin Composites-Morphological and Mechanical Evaluations. J Prosthodont. 2017 Jul;26(5):424-431.
31. Alnasser M, Finkelman M, Papathanasiou A, Suzuki M, Ghaffari R, Ali A. Effect of acidic pH on surface roughness of esthetic dental materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2019 Dec;122(6):567.e1-567.e8.
32. Harada K, Shinya A, Gomi H, Hatano Y, Shinya A, Raigrodski AJ. Effect of accelerated aging on the fracture toughness of zirconias. J Prosthet Dent. 2016 Feb;115(2):215-23.
33. Pinelli LA, Gimenes Olbera AC, Candido LM, Miotto LN, Antonio SG, Fais LM. Effects of whitening dentifrice on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal surfaces after simulating brushing. J Prosthet Dent. 2017 Jan;117(1):158-163.
34. Camacho GB, Vinha D, Panzeri H, Nonaka T, Gonçalves M. Surface roughness of a dental ceramic after polishing with different vehicles and diamond pastes. Braz Dent J. 2006;17(3):191-4.
35. Kosmac T, Oblak C, Jevnikar P, Funduk N, Marion L. The effect of surface grinding and sandblasting on flexural strength and reliability of Y-TZP zirconia ceramic. Dent Mater. 1999 Nov;15(6):426-33.
36. Bindl A, Lüthy H, Mörmann WH. Strength and fracture pattern of monolithic CAD/CAM-generated posterior crowns. Dent Mater. 2006 Jan;22(1):29-36.
37. Işeri U, Ozkurt Z, Yalnız A, Kazazoğlu E. Comparison of different grinding procedures on the flexural strength of zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2012 May;107(5):309-15.
38. Guazzato M, Quach L, Albakry M, Swain MV. Influence of surface and heat treatments on the flexural strength of Y-TZP dental ceramic. J Dent. 2005 Jan;33(1):9-18.
39. Qeblawi DM, Muñoz CA, Brewer JD, Monaco EA Jr. The effect of zirconia surface treatment on flexural strength and shear bond strength to a resin cement. J Prosthet Dent. 2010 Apr;103(4):210-20.
40. Ardlin BI. Transformation-toughened zirconia for dental inlays, crowns and bridges: chemical stability and effect of low-temperature aging on flexural strength and surface structure. Dent Mater. 2002 Dec;18(8):590-5.
| Issue | Vol 21 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v21i16.15483 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Zirconium Aging Dental Polishing | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sarabi N, Mohammadi-Bassir M, Fadavi F, Rezvani MB, Dehestani-Ardakani F, Labbaf H. Effect of Hydrothermal, Chemical, and Mechanical Degradation on Flexural Strength and Phase Transformation of Ground, Glazed, and Polished Zirconia. Front Dent. 2024;21.
