Impact of Mesoporous Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Diametral Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement: An In-Vitro Study
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Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and mesoporous ZnONPs into resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on diametral tensile strength (DTS) and flexural strength (FS).
Materials and Methods: A total of 70 RMGIC specimens were fabricated and randomly divided into 7 groups (n=10 per group). Group 1 served as the control group. Groups 2 to 4 contained 3wt.%, 5wt.%, and 7wt.% ZnONPs, respectively, and groups 5 to 7 had 3wt.%, 5wt.%, and 7wt.% mesoporous ZnONPs, respectively. ZnONPs and mesoporous ZnONPs were homogeneously incorporated into the RMGIC powder. Disc-shaped (for DTS) and bar-shaped (for FS) specimens were fabricated according to ISO standards. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours before testing. The DTS was measured using a diametral compression test, and the FS was measured by a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (alpha=0.05).
Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the DTS and FS among the groups (P< 0.001). The 5wt.% mesoporous ZnONPs group exhibited the highest DTS and FS values. The group with 7wt.% ZnONPs showed the lowest DTS and FS values (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Incorporation of 5wt.% mesoporous ZnONPs into RMGIC significantly improved its DTS and FS, suggesting that this concentration offers optimal reinforcement of mechanical properties.
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8. Singer L, Bierbaum G, Kehl K, Bourauel C. Evaluation of the flexural strength, water sorption, and solubility of a glass ionomer dental cement modified using phytomedicine. Materials (Basel). 2020 Nov;13(23):5352.
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10. Jowkar Z, Hamidi SA, Shafiei F, Ghahramani Y. The effect of silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles used as final irrigation solutions on the fracture resistance of root-filled teeth. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2020 Apr;12:141-8.
11. Mirhosseini F, Amiri M, Daneshkazemi A, Zandi H, Javadi ZS. Antimicrobial effect of different sizes of nano zinc oxide on oral microorganisms. Front Dent. 2019 Mar-Apr;16(2):105-12.
12. Arun D, Adikari Mudiyanselage D, Gulam Mohamed R, Liddell M, Monsur Hassan NM, Sharma D. Does the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles improve the antibacterial properties of direct dental composite resins? A systematic review. Materials (Basel). 2020 Dec;14(1):40.
13. Zhang JF, Wu R, Fan Y, Liao S, Wang Y, Wen ZT, et al. Antibacterial dental composites with chlorhexidine and mesoporous silica. J Dent Res. 2014 Dec;93(12):1283-9.
14. Yan H, Yang H, Li K, Yu J, Huang C. Effects of chlorhexidine-encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles on the anti-biofilm and mechanical properties of glass ionomer cement. Molecules. 2017 Jul;22(7):1225.
15. Gunduz O, Yetmez M, Sonmez M, Georgescu M, Alexandrescu L, Ficai A, et al. Mesoporous materials used in medicine and environmental applications. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(15):1501-15.
16. Katoch V, Singh J, Sharma NR, Singh RP. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous zinc oxide nanoparticles. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem. 2024 Jan;54(1):58-66.
17. Jowkar Z, Askarzadeh S, Hamidi SA, Fattah Z, Moaddeli A. Assessment of the antimicrobial properties of mesoporous zinc oxide nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro investigation. Int J Dent. 2025 May;2025:4438269.
18. Jowkar Z, Moaddeli A, Shafiei F, Tadayon T, Hamidi SA. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their biocompatibility in L929 fibroblasts. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2024 Feb;10(1):e844.
19. Moshaverinia M, Navas A, Jahedmanesh N, Shah KC, Moshaverinia A, Ansari S. Comparative evaluation of the physical properties of a reinforced glass ionomer dental restorative material. J Prosthet Dent. 2019 Aug;122(2):154-9.
20. Kasraei S, Sami L, Hendi S, Alikhani MY, Rezaei-Soufi L, Khamverdi Z. Antibacterial properties of composite resins incorporating silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Restor Dent Endod. 2014 May;39(2):109-14.
21. Hafshejani TM, Zamanian A, Venugopal JR, Rezvani Z, Sefat F, Saeb MR, et al. Antibacterial glass-ionomer cement restorative materials: A critical review on the current status of extended release formulations. J Control Release. 2017 Sep;262:317-28.
22. Demir E, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity and DNA repair processes of zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2014;77(21):1292-303.
23. Eshed M, Lellouche J, Matalon S, Gedanken A, Banin E. Sonochemical coatings of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on teeth model. Langmuir. 2012 Aug;28(33):12288-95.
24. Fan W, Li Y, Sun Q, Ma T, Fan B. Calcium-silicate mesoporous nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine for both anti- Enterococcus faecalis and mineralization properties. J Nanobiotechnology. 2016 Oct;14(1):72.
25. Laurenti M, Grochowicz M, Dragoni E, Carofiglio M, Limongi T, Cauda V. Biodegradable and drug-eluting inorganic composites based on mesoporous zinc oxide for urinary stent applications. Materials (Basel). 2020 Aug;13(17):3821.
26. Malekhoseini Z, Rezvani MB, Niakan M, Atai M, Bassir MM, Alizade HS, et al. Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on physical and antimicrobial properties of resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2021 Sep;18:73.
27. Shirazi M, Qazvini FF, Mohamadrezaie S. Antimicrobial properties of glass-ionomer cement incorporated with zinc oxide nanoparticles against mutans streptococci and lactobacilli under orthodontic bands: An in vivo split-mouth study. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2023 Mar;20:45.
28. Bai X, Lin C, Wang Y, Ma J, Wang X, Yao X, et al. Preparation of Zn doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Zn-MSNs) for the improvement of mechanical and antibacterial properties of dental resin composites. Dent Mater. 2020 Jun;36(6):794-807.
29. Samuel SP, Li S, Mukherjee I, Guo Y, Patel AC, Baran G, et al. Mechanical properties of experimental dental composites containing a combination of mesoporous and nonporous spherical silica as fillers. Dent Mater. 2009 Mar;25(3):296-301.
30. Horszczaruk E, Mijowska E, Cendrowski K, Mijowska S, Sikora P. Effect of incorporation route on dispersion of mesoporous silica nanospheres in cement mortar. Constr Build Mater. 2014 Sep;66:418-21.
31. De Caluwé T, Vercruysse CW, Ladik I, Convents R, Declercq H, Martens LC, et al. Addition of bioactive glass to glass ionomer cements: Effect on the physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility. Dent Mater. 2017 Apr;33(4):e186-203.
2. Sharafeddin F, Jowkar Z, Bahrani S. Comparison between the effect of adding microhydroxyapatite and chitosan on surface roughness and microhardness of resin modified and conventional glass ionomer cements. J Clin Exp Dent. 2021 Aug;13(8):e737-44.
3. Hafshejani TM, Zamanian A, Venugopal JR, Rezvani Z, Sefat F, Saeb MR, et al. Antibacterial glass-ionomer cement restorative materials: A critical review on the current status of extended release formulations. J Control Release. 2017 Sep;262:317-28.
4. Nicholson JW, Sidhu SK, Czarnecka B. Enhancing the mechanical properties of glass-ionomer dental cements: A review. Materials (Basel). 2020 May;13(11):2510.
5. Jowkar Z, Jowkar M, Shafiei F. Mechanical and dentin bond strength properties of the nanosilver enriched glass ionomer cement. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019 Mar;11(3):e275-81.
6. Malhotra S, Bhullar KK, Kaur S, Malhotra M, Kaur R, Handa A. Comparative evaluation of compressive strength and flexural strength of GC Gold hybrid, GIC conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer cement. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2022 Jul;14(Suppl 1):S214-6.
7. Rêgo HMC, Butler S, Santos MJC. Evaluation of the mechanical properties of three resin-modified glass-ionomer materials. Biomed Res Int. 2022 Aug;2022:4690656.
8. Singer L, Bierbaum G, Kehl K, Bourauel C. Evaluation of the flexural strength, water sorption, and solubility of a glass ionomer dental cement modified using phytomedicine. Materials (Basel). 2020 Nov;13(23):5352.
9. Moradpoor H, Safaei M, Mozaffari HR, Sharifi R, Imani MM, Golshah A, et al. An overview of recent progress in dental applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2021 Jun;11(34):21189-206.
10. Jowkar Z, Hamidi SA, Shafiei F, Ghahramani Y. The effect of silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles used as final irrigation solutions on the fracture resistance of root-filled teeth. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2020 Apr;12:141-8.
11. Mirhosseini F, Amiri M, Daneshkazemi A, Zandi H, Javadi ZS. Antimicrobial effect of different sizes of nano zinc oxide on oral microorganisms. Front Dent. 2019 Mar-Apr;16(2):105-12.
12. Arun D, Adikari Mudiyanselage D, Gulam Mohamed R, Liddell M, Monsur Hassan NM, Sharma D. Does the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles improve the antibacterial properties of direct dental composite resins? A systematic review. Materials (Basel). 2020 Dec;14(1):40.
13. Zhang JF, Wu R, Fan Y, Liao S, Wang Y, Wen ZT, et al. Antibacterial dental composites with chlorhexidine and mesoporous silica. J Dent Res. 2014 Dec;93(12):1283-9.
14. Yan H, Yang H, Li K, Yu J, Huang C. Effects of chlorhexidine-encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles on the anti-biofilm and mechanical properties of glass ionomer cement. Molecules. 2017 Jul;22(7):1225.
15. Gunduz O, Yetmez M, Sonmez M, Georgescu M, Alexandrescu L, Ficai A, et al. Mesoporous materials used in medicine and environmental applications. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(15):1501-15.
16. Katoch V, Singh J, Sharma NR, Singh RP. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous zinc oxide nanoparticles. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem. 2024 Jan;54(1):58-66.
17. Jowkar Z, Askarzadeh S, Hamidi SA, Fattah Z, Moaddeli A. Assessment of the antimicrobial properties of mesoporous zinc oxide nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro investigation. Int J Dent. 2025 May;2025:4438269.
18. Jowkar Z, Moaddeli A, Shafiei F, Tadayon T, Hamidi SA. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their biocompatibility in L929 fibroblasts. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2024 Feb;10(1):e844.
19. Moshaverinia M, Navas A, Jahedmanesh N, Shah KC, Moshaverinia A, Ansari S. Comparative evaluation of the physical properties of a reinforced glass ionomer dental restorative material. J Prosthet Dent. 2019 Aug;122(2):154-9.
20. Kasraei S, Sami L, Hendi S, Alikhani MY, Rezaei-Soufi L, Khamverdi Z. Antibacterial properties of composite resins incorporating silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Restor Dent Endod. 2014 May;39(2):109-14.
21. Hafshejani TM, Zamanian A, Venugopal JR, Rezvani Z, Sefat F, Saeb MR, et al. Antibacterial glass-ionomer cement restorative materials: A critical review on the current status of extended release formulations. J Control Release. 2017 Sep;262:317-28.
22. Demir E, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity and DNA repair processes of zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2014;77(21):1292-303.
23. Eshed M, Lellouche J, Matalon S, Gedanken A, Banin E. Sonochemical coatings of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on teeth model. Langmuir. 2012 Aug;28(33):12288-95.
24. Fan W, Li Y, Sun Q, Ma T, Fan B. Calcium-silicate mesoporous nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine for both anti- Enterococcus faecalis and mineralization properties. J Nanobiotechnology. 2016 Oct;14(1):72.
25. Laurenti M, Grochowicz M, Dragoni E, Carofiglio M, Limongi T, Cauda V. Biodegradable and drug-eluting inorganic composites based on mesoporous zinc oxide for urinary stent applications. Materials (Basel). 2020 Aug;13(17):3821.
26. Malekhoseini Z, Rezvani MB, Niakan M, Atai M, Bassir MM, Alizade HS, et al. Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on physical and antimicrobial properties of resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2021 Sep;18:73.
27. Shirazi M, Qazvini FF, Mohamadrezaie S. Antimicrobial properties of glass-ionomer cement incorporated with zinc oxide nanoparticles against mutans streptococci and lactobacilli under orthodontic bands: An in vivo split-mouth study. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2023 Mar;20:45.
28. Bai X, Lin C, Wang Y, Ma J, Wang X, Yao X, et al. Preparation of Zn doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Zn-MSNs) for the improvement of mechanical and antibacterial properties of dental resin composites. Dent Mater. 2020 Jun;36(6):794-807.
29. Samuel SP, Li S, Mukherjee I, Guo Y, Patel AC, Baran G, et al. Mechanical properties of experimental dental composites containing a combination of mesoporous and nonporous spherical silica as fillers. Dent Mater. 2009 Mar;25(3):296-301.
30. Horszczaruk E, Mijowska E, Cendrowski K, Mijowska S, Sikora P. Effect of incorporation route on dispersion of mesoporous silica nanospheres in cement mortar. Constr Build Mater. 2014 Sep;66:418-21.
31. De Caluwé T, Vercruysse CW, Ladik I, Convents R, Declercq H, Martens LC, et al. Addition of bioactive glass to glass ionomer cements: Effect on the physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility. Dent Mater. 2017 Apr;33(4):e186-203.
| Issue | Vol 22 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dental Cements Flexural Strength Glass Ionomer Cements Mechanical Tests Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Jowkar Z, Abdolinezhad MM, Hamidi SA, Moaddeli A. Impact of Mesoporous Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Diametral Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement: An In-Vitro Study. Front Dent. 2025;22.
