Comparison of Enamel Roughness and Calcium Release between Manual and Mechanical Stripping with and without Polishing after Demineralization
enamel roughness and calcium release of teeth in stripping methods
-
Negar Asgarian
,
Elham Ahmadi
,
Farzaneh Sadeghi Mahounak
,
Mohammad Javad Kharrazi Fard
,
Mohammad Sadegh Ahmad Akhoundi
Abstract
Objectives: Proximal enamel stripping is one way to create space in orthodontic treatments that leaves grooves on the enamel surface and predispose teeth to caries. The aim of this study was to compare the two common stripping systems and the effect of polishing after the stripping process on the level of surface roughness.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-five extracted teeth were randomly divided into five groups:untreated control (C), mechanical stripping (Sn), mechanical stripping and polishing (Sp), manual stripping (Dn), manual stripping and polishing (Dp). Mechanical stripping used a SWISS denta care Quality oscillating system, manual stripping used Dentaurum hand tapes, and polishing used Soflex disks. Teeth underwent pH-cycling and the amount of released calcium was measured by spectrometry. Samples were examined under atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after demineralization. Baseline and post-demineralization surface roughness values (Ra, Rq, Rz) were calculated. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained from two samples of each group. data analysis was done by One-way ANOVA. P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: There was no significant difference between the stripping methods in terms of surface roughness parameters, but there was a significant difference between the polished and unpolished groups (P<0.05). Calcium release was significantly lower in the Sp group compared to the other groups (P<0.05). In SEM images, the least amount enamel damage was related to the Sp group.
Conclusion: Unlike stripping systems, polishing is considerably useful in decreasing enamel roughness. Totally, mechanical stripping and polishing has shown the best consequences on enamel structure.
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5. Livas C, Baumann T, Flury S, Pandis N. Quantitative evaluation of the progressive wear of powered interproximal reduction systems after repeated use. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2020;81(1):22-9.
6. Zachrisson BU, Minster L, Øgaard B, Birkhed D. Dental health assessed after interproximal enamel reduction: caries risk in posterior teeth. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2011;139(1):90-8.
7. Arhun N, Arman A, editors. Effects of orthodontic mechanics on tooth enamel: a review. Seminars in Orthodontics; 2007: Elsevier.
8. Arman A, Cehreli SB, Ozel E, Arhun N, Çetinşahin A, Soyman M. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of enamel after various stripping methods. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2006;130(2):131. e7-. e14.
9. Zachrisson BU, Nyøygaard L, Mobarak K. Dental health assessed more than 10 years after interproximal enamel reduction of mandibular anterior teeth. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2007;131(2):162-9.
10. Bhambri E, Kalra J, Ahuja S, Bhambri G. Evaluation of enamel surfaces following interproximal reduction and polishing with different methods: A scanning electron microscope study. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. 2017;9(3):153-9.
11. Livas C, Jongsma AC, Ren Y. Enamel reduction techniques in orthodontics: a literature review. The open dentistry journal. 2013;7:146-51.
12. Danesh G, Hellak A, Lippold C, Ziebura T, Schafer E. Enamel surfaces following interproximal reduction with different methods. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007;77(6):1004-10.
13. Baumgartner S, Iliadi A, Eliades T, Eliades G. An in vitro study on the effect of an oscillating stripping method on enamel roughness. Progress in orthodontics. 2015;16(1):1-6.
14. Joseph V, Rossouw P, Basson N. Orthodontic microabrasive reproximation. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1992;102(4):351-9.
15. Vicente A, Ortiz Ruiz AJ, González Paz BM, García López J, Bravo-González L-A. Efficacy of fluoride varnishes for preventing enamel demineralization after interproximal enamel reduction. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation. PloS one. 2017;12(4):e0176389.
16. Mohimd HB, Kaaouara Y, Azaroual F, Zaoui F, Bahije L, Benyahia H. Enamel protection after stripping procedures: An in vivo study. International orthodontics. 2019;17(2):243-8.
17. Meredith L, Farella M, Lowrey S, Cannon RD, Mei L. Atomic force microscopy analysis of enamel nanotopography after interproximal reduction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2017;151(4):750-7.
18. Mirhashemi AH, Hakimi S, Akhoundi MSA, Chiniforush N. Prevention of enamel adjacent to bracket demineralization following carbon dioxide laser radiation and titanium tetra fluoride solution treatment: an in vitro study. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2016;7(3):192-6.
19. Harish S, Karunakara B, Reddy S. Comparison of Interproximal Reduction Techniques and Proximal Strips: An Atomic Force Microscopic and Confocal Microscopic Study. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society. 2020;54(1):44-8.
20. Lombardo L, Guarneri MP, D’Amico P, Molinari C, Meddis V, Carlucci A, et al. Orthofile®: a new approach for mechanical interproximal reduction. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2014;75(3):203-12.
21. Kakaboura A, Fragouli M, Rahiotis C, Silikas N. Evaluation of surface characteristics of dental composites using profilometry, scanning electron, atomic force microscopy and gloss-meter. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2007;18(1):155-63.
22. Joniot S, Salomon JP, Dejou J, Grégoire G. Use of two surface analyzers to evaluate the surface roughness of four esthetic restorative materials after polishing. Operative dentistry. 2006;31(1):39-46.
23. Gadegaard N. Atomic force microscopy in biology: technology and techniques. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 2006;81(2-3):87-97.
24. Ayad MF, Rosenstiel SF, Hassan MM. Surface roughness of dentin after tooth preparation with different rotary instrumentation. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1996;75(2):122-8.
25. Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Szatkiewicz T, Tomkowski R, Tandecka K, Grocholewicz K. Effect of orthodontic debonding and adhesive removal on the enamel–current knowledge and future perspectives–a systematic review. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 2014;20:1991.
26. Marshall Jr G, Balooch M, Gallagher R, Gansky S, Marshall S. Mechanical properties of the dentinoenamel junction: AFM studies of nanohardness, elastic modulus, and fracture. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials and The Japanese Society for Biomaterials. 2001;54(1):87-95.
27. Tholt B, Miranda-Júnior WG, Prioli R, Thompson J, Oda M. Surface roughness in ceramics with different finishing techniques using atomic force microscope and profilometer. Operative dentistry. 2006;31(4):442-9.
28. Wahle JJ, Wendt Jr SL. Dentinal surface roughness: a comparison of tooth preparation techniques. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1993;69(2):160-4.
29. Whitehead S, Shearer A, Watts D, Wilson N. Comparison of two stylus methods for measuring surface texture. Dental Materials. 1999;15(2):79-86.
30. Danesh G, Podstawa PKK, Schwartz C-E, Kirschneck C, Bizhang M, Arnold WH. Depth of acid penetration and enamel surface roughness associated with different methods of interproximal enamel reduction. Plos one. 2020;15(3):e0229595.
31. Kemaloglu H, Karacolak G, Turkun LS. Can Reduced-Step Polishers Be as Effective as Multiple-Step Polishers in Enhancing Surface Smoothness? J Esthet Restor Dent. 2017;29(1):31-40.
32. Babina K, Polyakova M, Sokhova I, Doroshina V, Arakelyan M, Novozhilova N. The Effect of Finishing and Polishing Sequences on The Surface Roughness of Three Different Nanocomposites and Composite/Enamel and Composite/Cementum Interfaces. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020;10(7).
33. Sharma V, Gupta N, Srivastava N, Rana V, Chandna P, Yadav S, et al. Diagnostic potential of inflammatory biomarkers in early childhood caries-A case control study. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2017;471:158-63.
34. Mundim FM, Cruvinel DR, Garcia LdFR, Pires-de-Souza FdCP. Effect of fluoride solutions on color and surface roughness of dental composites. RFO UPF. 2014;19(1):77-82.
35. Bollenl CM, Lambrechts P, Quirynen M. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: a review of the literature. Dental materials. 1997;13(4):258-69.
36. Ulkur F, Sungurtekin Ekçi E, Nalbantgil D, Sandalli N. In vitro effects of two topical varnish materials and Er: YAG laser irradiation on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. The Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014.
37. Altan AB, Baysal A, Berkkan A, GÖKTOLGA AKIN E. Effects of Er: YAG laser irradiation and topical fluoride application on inhibition of enamel demineralization. Turkish J Orthod Vol. 2013;26(1).
38. Ozturk E, Bolay S. Effect of Er: YAG laser irradiation on enamel caries prevention. Clinical Dentistry and Research. 2013;37:19-23.
39. Rakhmatullina E, Bossen A, Höschele C, Wang X, Beyeler B, Meier C, et al. Application of the specular and diffuse reflection analysis for in vitro diagnostics of dental erosion: correlation with enamel softening, roughness, and calcium release. J Biomed Opt. 2011;16(10):107002.
40. Kim K-N, Yoon Y-J, Kim K-W. A study on the enamel surface texture and caries susceptibility in interdentally stripped teeth. The korean journal of orthodontics. 2001;31(6):567-78.
2. Cerruto C, Ugolini A, Vece L, Doldo T, Caprioglio A, Silvestrini-Biavati A. Cephalometric and dental arch changes to Haas-type rapid maxillary expander anchored to deciduous vs permanent molars: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie. 2017;78(5).
3. Gómez‐Aguirre JN, Argueta‐Figueroa L, Castro‐Gutiérrez MEM, Torres‐Rosas R. Effects of interproximal enamel reduction techniques used for orthodontics: A systematic review. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2022;25(3):304-19.
4. Johner AM, Pandis N, Dudic A, Kiliaridis S. Quantitative comparison of 3 enamel-stripping devices in vitro: how precisely can we strip teeth? American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2013;143(4):S168-S72.
5. Livas C, Baumann T, Flury S, Pandis N. Quantitative evaluation of the progressive wear of powered interproximal reduction systems after repeated use. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2020;81(1):22-9.
6. Zachrisson BU, Minster L, Øgaard B, Birkhed D. Dental health assessed after interproximal enamel reduction: caries risk in posterior teeth. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2011;139(1):90-8.
7. Arhun N, Arman A, editors. Effects of orthodontic mechanics on tooth enamel: a review. Seminars in Orthodontics; 2007: Elsevier.
8. Arman A, Cehreli SB, Ozel E, Arhun N, Çetinşahin A, Soyman M. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of enamel after various stripping methods. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2006;130(2):131. e7-. e14.
9. Zachrisson BU, Nyøygaard L, Mobarak K. Dental health assessed more than 10 years after interproximal enamel reduction of mandibular anterior teeth. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2007;131(2):162-9.
10. Bhambri E, Kalra J, Ahuja S, Bhambri G. Evaluation of enamel surfaces following interproximal reduction and polishing with different methods: A scanning electron microscope study. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. 2017;9(3):153-9.
11. Livas C, Jongsma AC, Ren Y. Enamel reduction techniques in orthodontics: a literature review. The open dentistry journal. 2013;7:146-51.
12. Danesh G, Hellak A, Lippold C, Ziebura T, Schafer E. Enamel surfaces following interproximal reduction with different methods. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007;77(6):1004-10.
13. Baumgartner S, Iliadi A, Eliades T, Eliades G. An in vitro study on the effect of an oscillating stripping method on enamel roughness. Progress in orthodontics. 2015;16(1):1-6.
14. Joseph V, Rossouw P, Basson N. Orthodontic microabrasive reproximation. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1992;102(4):351-9.
15. Vicente A, Ortiz Ruiz AJ, González Paz BM, García López J, Bravo-González L-A. Efficacy of fluoride varnishes for preventing enamel demineralization after interproximal enamel reduction. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation. PloS one. 2017;12(4):e0176389.
16. Mohimd HB, Kaaouara Y, Azaroual F, Zaoui F, Bahije L, Benyahia H. Enamel protection after stripping procedures: An in vivo study. International orthodontics. 2019;17(2):243-8.
17. Meredith L, Farella M, Lowrey S, Cannon RD, Mei L. Atomic force microscopy analysis of enamel nanotopography after interproximal reduction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2017;151(4):750-7.
18. Mirhashemi AH, Hakimi S, Akhoundi MSA, Chiniforush N. Prevention of enamel adjacent to bracket demineralization following carbon dioxide laser radiation and titanium tetra fluoride solution treatment: an in vitro study. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2016;7(3):192-6.
19. Harish S, Karunakara B, Reddy S. Comparison of Interproximal Reduction Techniques and Proximal Strips: An Atomic Force Microscopic and Confocal Microscopic Study. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society. 2020;54(1):44-8.
20. Lombardo L, Guarneri MP, D’Amico P, Molinari C, Meddis V, Carlucci A, et al. Orthofile®: a new approach for mechanical interproximal reduction. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 2014;75(3):203-12.
21. Kakaboura A, Fragouli M, Rahiotis C, Silikas N. Evaluation of surface characteristics of dental composites using profilometry, scanning electron, atomic force microscopy and gloss-meter. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2007;18(1):155-63.
22. Joniot S, Salomon JP, Dejou J, Grégoire G. Use of two surface analyzers to evaluate the surface roughness of four esthetic restorative materials after polishing. Operative dentistry. 2006;31(1):39-46.
23. Gadegaard N. Atomic force microscopy in biology: technology and techniques. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 2006;81(2-3):87-97.
24. Ayad MF, Rosenstiel SF, Hassan MM. Surface roughness of dentin after tooth preparation with different rotary instrumentation. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1996;75(2):122-8.
25. Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Szatkiewicz T, Tomkowski R, Tandecka K, Grocholewicz K. Effect of orthodontic debonding and adhesive removal on the enamel–current knowledge and future perspectives–a systematic review. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 2014;20:1991.
26. Marshall Jr G, Balooch M, Gallagher R, Gansky S, Marshall S. Mechanical properties of the dentinoenamel junction: AFM studies of nanohardness, elastic modulus, and fracture. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials and The Japanese Society for Biomaterials. 2001;54(1):87-95.
27. Tholt B, Miranda-Júnior WG, Prioli R, Thompson J, Oda M. Surface roughness in ceramics with different finishing techniques using atomic force microscope and profilometer. Operative dentistry. 2006;31(4):442-9.
28. Wahle JJ, Wendt Jr SL. Dentinal surface roughness: a comparison of tooth preparation techniques. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1993;69(2):160-4.
29. Whitehead S, Shearer A, Watts D, Wilson N. Comparison of two stylus methods for measuring surface texture. Dental Materials. 1999;15(2):79-86.
30. Danesh G, Podstawa PKK, Schwartz C-E, Kirschneck C, Bizhang M, Arnold WH. Depth of acid penetration and enamel surface roughness associated with different methods of interproximal enamel reduction. Plos one. 2020;15(3):e0229595.
31. Kemaloglu H, Karacolak G, Turkun LS. Can Reduced-Step Polishers Be as Effective as Multiple-Step Polishers in Enhancing Surface Smoothness? J Esthet Restor Dent. 2017;29(1):31-40.
32. Babina K, Polyakova M, Sokhova I, Doroshina V, Arakelyan M, Novozhilova N. The Effect of Finishing and Polishing Sequences on The Surface Roughness of Three Different Nanocomposites and Composite/Enamel and Composite/Cementum Interfaces. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020;10(7).
33. Sharma V, Gupta N, Srivastava N, Rana V, Chandna P, Yadav S, et al. Diagnostic potential of inflammatory biomarkers in early childhood caries-A case control study. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2017;471:158-63.
34. Mundim FM, Cruvinel DR, Garcia LdFR, Pires-de-Souza FdCP. Effect of fluoride solutions on color and surface roughness of dental composites. RFO UPF. 2014;19(1):77-82.
35. Bollenl CM, Lambrechts P, Quirynen M. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: a review of the literature. Dental materials. 1997;13(4):258-69.
36. Ulkur F, Sungurtekin Ekçi E, Nalbantgil D, Sandalli N. In vitro effects of two topical varnish materials and Er: YAG laser irradiation on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. The Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014.
37. Altan AB, Baysal A, Berkkan A, GÖKTOLGA AKIN E. Effects of Er: YAG laser irradiation and topical fluoride application on inhibition of enamel demineralization. Turkish J Orthod Vol. 2013;26(1).
38. Ozturk E, Bolay S. Effect of Er: YAG laser irradiation on enamel caries prevention. Clinical Dentistry and Research. 2013;37:19-23.
39. Rakhmatullina E, Bossen A, Höschele C, Wang X, Beyeler B, Meier C, et al. Application of the specular and diffuse reflection analysis for in vitro diagnostics of dental erosion: correlation with enamel softening, roughness, and calcium release. J Biomed Opt. 2011;16(10):107002.
40. Kim K-N, Yoon Y-J, Kim K-W. A study on the enamel surface texture and caries susceptibility in interdentally stripped teeth. The korean journal of orthodontics. 2001;31(6):567-78.
| Issue | Vol 23 (Continuously Published Article-Based) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dental Polishing Microscopy Atomic Force MicroscopyElectron Scanning Orthodontic Appliances Spectrophotometry | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Asgarian N, Ahmadi E, Sadeghi Mahounak F, Kharrazi Fard MJ, Ahmad Akhoundi MS. Comparison of Enamel Roughness and Calcium Release between Manual and Mechanical Stripping with and without Polishing after Demineralization. Front Dent. 2026;23.
